Table 1.
Results of two-way MANOVA performed to determine diagnosis (control or schizophrenia), genotype (or allele carrier), and diagnosis × genotype effects on cognitive performance measures, in all subjects (both sexes) and male and female subjects individually. Note that least significant difference (LSD) post hoc tests were for the results of significant diagnosis × genotype interactions only (highlighted in bold). Column a indicates the analysis considering the three genotypes of rs3144 analysed independently, in relation to diagnosis and their effects on neuropsychological testing. Column b indicates the analysis considering the alleles carriers (major genotype TT for rs3144 against minor allele carriers, i.e., both TC and CC genotypes together, in relation to diagnosis and their effects on neuropsychological testing).
| (a) Lingo-1 rs3144 (TT:TC:CC) | (b) Lingo-1 rs3144 (TT:TC/CC) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Male | Female | All | Male | Female | ||
| WTAR | Diagnosis | F = 39.331, p < 0.001 | F = 23.760, p < 0.001 | F = 12.561, p = 0.001 | F = 40.358, p < 0.001 | F = 28.109, p < 0.001 | F = 10.161, p = 0.002 |
| Genotype | F = 31.953, p = 0.144 | F = 2.865, p = 0.059 | F = 0.396, p = 0.674 | F = 2.154, p = 0.143 | F = 2.710, p = 0.101 | F = 0.001, p = 0.991 | |
| Diagnosis × Genotype | F = 2.532, p = 0.081 | F = 2.832, p = 0.061 | F = 0.914, p = 0.404 | F = 3.097, p = 0.079 | F = 1.726, p = 0.190 | F = 0.863, p = 0.355 | |
| WASI | Diagnosis | F = 112.981, p < 0.001 | F = 72.539, p < 0.001 | F = 39.214, p < 0.001 | F = 116.248, p < 0.001 | F = 81.883, p < 0.001 | F = 34.071, p < 0.001 |
| Genotype | F = 3.347, p = 0.036 | F = 1.847, p = 0.160 | F = 1.536, p = 0.220 | F = 1.122, p = 0.290 | F = 0.040, p = 0.842 | F = 2.532, p = 0.115 | |
| Diagnosis × Genotype | F = 4.070, p = 0.018 | F = 4.801, p = 0.009 | F = 1.084, p = 0.342 | F = 4.512, p = 0.034 | F = 3.305, p = 0.070 | F = 1.369, p = 0.245 | |
| LSD post-hoc | HC:CC>TC, p = 0.638; HC:TT>TC, p = 0.459 |
HC:TC>CC, p = 0.675; HC:TC>TT, p = 0.125 |
- | HC:TC/CC>TT, p = 0.320 | - | - | |
|
SZ:TT>TC, p = 0.025;
SZ:CC>TC, p = 0.028 |
SZ:CC>TC, p = 0.015; SZ:TT>TC, p = 0.083 |
- | SZ:TT>TC/CC, p = 0.137 | - | - | ||
| LNS | Diagnosis | F = 66.889, p < 0.001 | F = 58.296, p < 0.001 | F = 9.298, p = 0.003 | F = 82.161, p < 0.001 | F = 71.192, p < 0.001 | F = 12.672, p = 0.001 |
| Genotype | F = 0.159, p = 0.853 | F = 0.202, p = 0.817 | F = 0.218, p = 0.804 | F = 0.143, p = 0.705 | F = 0.012, p = 0.913 | F = 0.014, p = 0.908 | |
| Diagnosis x Genotype | F = 1.493, p = 0.226 | F = 2.109, p = 0.124 | F = 0.672, p = 0.513 | F = 0.034, p = 0.853 | F = 0.722, p = 0.396 | F = 1.233, p = 0.270 | |
| COWAT | Diagnosis | F = 42.645, p < 0.001 | F = 33.011, p < 0.001 | F = 7.251, p = 0.008 | F = 40.637, p < 0.001 | F = 35.413, p < 0.001 | F = 5.082, p = 0.026 |
| Genotype | F = 1.001, p = 0.369 | F = 0.615, p = 0.542 | F = 0.232, p = 0.794 | F = 0.639, p = 0.423 | F = 0.114, p = 0.736 | F = 0.519, p = 0.473 | |
| Diagnosis × Genotype | F = 2.450, p = 0.088 | F = 1.809, p = 0.166 | F = 0.915, p = 0.404 | F = 4.062, p = 0.045 | F = 2.191, p = 0.140 | F = 1.496, p = 0.224 | |
| LSD post-hoc | - | - | - | HC:TC/CC>TT, p = 0.316 | - | - | |
| - | - | - | SZ:TT>TC/CC, p = 0.190 | - | - | ||
| RBANS TOTAL | Diagnosis | F = 187.869, p < 0.001 | F = 139.835, p < 0.001 | F = 43.442, p < 0.001 | F = 215.992, p < 0.001 | F = 166.555, p < 0.001 | F = 47.114, p < 0.001 |
| Genotype | F = 2.486, p = 0.085 | F = 1.757, p = 0.175 | F = 2.236, p = 0.112 | F = 4.478, p = 0.035 | F = 2.119, p = 0.147 | F = 1.694, p = 0.196 | |
| Diagnosis × Genotype | F = 2.887, p = 0.057 | F = 3.276, p = 0.040 | F = 0.018, p = 0.982 | F = 1.015, p = 0.315 | F = 0.869, p = 0.352 | F = 0.022, p = 0.882 | |
| LSD post-hoc | - | HC: TC>CC, p = 0.365; HC:TC>TT, p = 0.970 |
- | - | - | - | |
| - |
SZ: CC>TC, p = 0.015;
SZ: TT>TC, p = 0.025 |
- | - | - | - | ||
| RBANS delayed memory |
Diagnosis | F = 91.653, p < 0.001 | F = 64.576, p < 0.001 | F = 23.251, p < 0.001 | F = 109.352, p < 0.001 | F = 79.857, p < 0.001 | F = 26.056, p < 0.001 |
| Genotype | F = 0.591, p = 0.554 | F = 0.396, p = 0.673 | F = 3.072, p = 0.051 | F = 0.952, p = 0.330 | F = 0.244, p = 0.622 | F = 0.480, p = 0.490 | |
| Diagnosis × Genotype | F = 1.533, p = 0.217 | F = 1.914, p = 0.150 | F = 0.374, p = 0.689 | F = 0.215, p = 0.643 | F = 0.358, p = 0.551 | F = 0.201, p = 0.655 | |
| RBANS attention |
Diagnosis | F = 121.514, p < 0.001 | F = 102.069, p < 0.001 | F = 18.051, p < 0.001 | F = 133.575, p < 0.001 | F = 120.552, p < 0.001 | F = 17.471, p < 0.001 |
| Genotype | F = 1.375, p = 0.254 | F = 0.823, p = 0.440 | F = 0.491, p = 0.613 | F = 2.424, p = 0.120 | F = 1.223, p = 0.270 | F = 0.598, p = 0.441 | |
| Diagnosis × Genotype | F = 1.999, p = 0.137 | F = 1.773, p = 0.172 | F = 0.295, p = 0.745 | F = 1.898, p = 0.169 | F = 0.765, p = 0.383 | F = 0.582, p = 0.447 | |
| RBANS immediate memory |
Diagnosis | F = 109.252, p < 0.001 | F = 70.728, p < 0.001 | F = 32.401, p < 0.001 | F = 132.338, p < 0.001 | F = 95.152, p < 0.001 | F = 33.525, p < 0.001 |
| Genotype | F = 0.817, p = 0.443 | F = 0.157, p = 0.855 | F = 2.182, p = 0.118 | F = 0.509, p = 0.476 | F = 0.158, p = 0.691 | F = 0.277, p = 0.600 | |
| Diagnosis × Genotype | F = 1.172, p = 0.311 | F = 2.411, p = 0.092 | F = 0.348, p = 0.707 | F = 0.001, p = 0.988 | F = 0.028, p = 0.868 | F = 0.001, p = 0.970 | |
| RBANS constructional |
Diagnosis | F = 54.969, p < 0.001 | F = 44.151, p < 0.001 | F = 15.657, p < 0.001 | F = 61.592, p < 0.001 | F = 47.775, p < 0.001 | F = 17.768, p < 0.001 |
| Genotype | F = 2.699, p = 0.069 | F = 3.139, p = 0.045 | F = 0.659, p = 0.520 | F = 4.071, p = 0.044 | F = 3.198, p = 0.075 | F = 1.012, p = 0.317 | |
| Diagnosis × Genotype | F = 2.786, p = 0.063 | F = 2.290, p = 0.104 | F = 0.460, p = 0.638 | F = 2.005, p = 0.158 | F = 2.317, p = 0.129 | F = 0.274, p = 0.602 | |
| RBANS language |
Diagnosis | F = 58.008, p < 0.001 | F = 32.662, p < 0.001 | F = 23.004, p < 0.001 | F = 60.627, p < 0.001 | F = 35.397, p < 0.001 | F = 24.245, p < 0.001 |
| Genotype | F = 2.453, p = 0.088 | F = 1.104, p = 0.333 | F = 1.980, p = 0.144 | F = 4.223, p = 0.041 | F = 1.177, p = 0.279 | F = 3.970, p = 0.049 | |
| Diagnosis × Genotype | F = 0.286, p = 0.751 | F = 0.271, p = 0.763 | F = 0.064, p = 0.938 | F = 0.473, p = 0.492 | F = 0.338, p = 0.562 | F = 0.023, p = 0.880 | |
Abbreviations: CD, schizophrenia subjects classified as having generalized cognitive deficit; CI, confidence interval; CS, schizophrenia subjects classified as cognitively spared; HC, healthy controls; CC, minor homozygote genotype; COWAT, Controlled Oral Word Association Test; HC, healthy controls; LNS, Letter Number Sequencing Test; LSD, least significant difference; RBANS, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status; TC, heterozygote genotype; TT, major homozygote genotype; TC/CC, minor allele (C) Carrier; SZ, schizophrenia subjects; WASI, Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence; WTAR, Wechsler Test for Adult Reading.