Table 1.
Microbiological findings in patients with community acquired pneumonia using different laboratory techniques refs [2,11,12].
| Pathogens | % of Positive Cases with | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Bundels of Methods (Gadsby-2021) (2011–2014) |
Multiplex Syndromic Pannels | ||
| Pre-COVID-19 (Ref. Serigstad-2022 and Serigstad-2022) (2019–2020) |
COVID-19 (Ref. Serigstad-2022b) (2020–2021) |
||
| Bacteria * | 15–30 | 62 | 71 |
| S. pneumoniae | 5–16 ** | 15–25 | 15 |
| H. influenzae | <1–7 | 22–36 | 26 |
| S. aureus | 2–5 | 3–7 | 23 |
| S. agalactiae | - | 4–6 | 6 |
| S. pyogenes | - | 0 | 1 |
| M. catarrhalis | - | 7–11 | 10 |
| Pseudomonas spp. | <1–3 | 2–3 | 3 |
| E. coli | - | 4–8 | 4 |
| K. pneumoniae | - | 3 | 1 |
| S. marcescens | - | 3 | 1 |
| Proteus spp. | - | 2 | 1 |
| K. oxytoca | - | 1 | 1 |
| K. varicola | - | 0 | 3 |
| Acinetobacter spp. | - | 1 | 0 |
| E. cloacae complex | - | 1 | 3 |
| Legionella pneumophila | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Mycoplasma/Chlamydia | <3–1 | 2 | 0 |
| Mycobacteria | <1–2 | - | - |
| Nocardia | 0–1 | - | - |
| Fungy * | 1–3 | 4 | 11 |
| C. albicans | ND | 0–3 | 10 |
| P. jirovecii | ND | 0–1 | 1 |
| Virus * | 3–27 | 30–36 | 21 |
| Rhinovoirus | 0–12 | 1–3 | 15 |
| Coronavirus (229E, OC43, HKU1, NL63) | 0–3 | 3–5 | 0 |
| SARS-CoV-2 | - | - | 13 |
| Metapenumovirus | 0–4 | 9–17 | 0 |
| Influenza | 1–3 | 14–30 | 0 |
| Parainfluenza | 2–3 | 2 | 1 |
| VRS | 2–3 | 3–7 | 0 |
* Percentage of patients; ** data are presented as percentage of total cases studied (total might exceed 100% due to coinfections).