Table 1.
Demographics and GABA data for treatment groups and time points.
| Demographics Mean (S.D.), n or % where relevant |
Baseline Whole Group |
Baseline Placebo | Baseline Kava | Tmt p-Value * |
Week 8 Whole Group |
Week 8 Placebo | Week 8 Kava |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants (n) | 37 | 17 (9 male) | 20 (11 male) | 0.653 | 20 | 9 | 11 |
| Age | 36.16 (13.09) | 36.06 (11.31) | 36.25 (14.73) | 0.965 | - | - | - |
| Education (years) | 17.65 (3.91) | 18.59 (4.70) | 16.85 (2.98) | 0.181 | - | - | - |
| Psychiatric | |||||||
| Comorbid condition | 21 | 12 | 9 | 0.110 | - | - | - |
| Comorbid: SAD | 11 | 6 | 5 | 0.395 | - | - | - |
| Comorbid: PD | 9 | 7 | 2 | 0.034 * | - | - | - |
| Comorbid: AGO | 17 | 9 | 8 | 0.324 | - | - | - |
| Comorbid: PTSD | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.460 | - | - | - |
| Comorbid: MDD | 20 | 9 | 11 | 0.581 | - | - | - |
| HAM-A a | 23.05 (3.60) | 23.29 (4.19) | 22.85 (3.10) | 0.714 | 15.55 (5.69) | 14.00 (6.20) | 16.82 (5.17) |
| MADRS b | 13.59 (2.99) | 14.00 (2.91) | 13.25 (3.09) | 0.456 | 10.38 (5.30) | 10.67 (4.82) | 10.17 (5.84) |
| Medical | |||||||
| Medications | 15 | 7 | 6 | 0.357 | - | - | - |
| Supplements | 9 | 2 | 7 | 0.103 | - | - | - |
| Substance | |||||||
| Caffeine (mg/daily) | 135.54 (127.64) | 156.47 (132.96) | 117.75 (123.51) | 0.365 | 100.55 (83.71) | 107.27 (68.93) | 94.50 (98.52) |
| Alcohol (SD/weekly) | 2.86 (3.08) | 1.88 (2.02) | 3.70 (3.60) | 0.073 | 4.10 (3.65) | 1.67 (1.50) | 6.09 (3.73) |
| Volumetric | |||||||
| dACC GM (%, mm3) | 60.29 (13.20) | 59.41 (12.22) | 61.05 (14.25) | 0.712 | 58.35 (12.33) | 53.11 (15.89) | 62.64 (6.45) |
| dACC WM (%, mm3) | 23.48 (11.46) | 24.58 (11.86) | 22.55 (11.34) | 0.597 | 23.40 (10.78) | 27.67 (13.90) | 19.91 (6.02) |
| dACC CSF (%, mm3) | 15.57 (5.04) | 14.53 (3.93) | 16.47 (5.77) | 0.249 | 18.01 (6.18) | 19.44 (4.56) | 16.84 (7.26) |
| GABA toolkit | |||||||
| LCModel GABA/GM | 3.67 (0.88) | 3.66 (1.01) | 3.69 (0.77) | 0.932 | 3.59 (0.74) | 4.07 (0.75) | 3.23 (0.53) |
| LCModel SD (%) | 9.39 (2.30) | 9.47 (1.58) | 9.31 (2.83) | 0.843 | 9.50 (2.68) | 8.89 (0.78) | 10.00 (3.55) |
| LCModel SNR | 9.00 (2.58) | 9.70 (2.26) | 8.37 (2.75) | 0.123 | 9.05 (2.42) | 9.44 (2.13) | 8.73 (2.69) |
| LCModel FWHM | 0.08 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.09 (0.05) | 0.025 * | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.08 (0.04) |
* Significance values derived from independent sample t-tests or Chi Square tests where appropriate and significant, where p < 0.05; a Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; b Montgomery–Asberg Scale of Depression; AGO—Agoraphobia; MDD—Major depressive disorder; PD—panic disorder; PTSD—Post-traumatic stress disorder; SAD—social anxiety disorder; SD—standard drink/10 g of alcohol; CSF—cerebrospinal fluid; df—degrees of freedom; dACC—dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; GM—grey matter; Fit Err—Fit error %; FWHM—full width at half-maximum; GABA—gamma amino-butyric acid; ROI—Region of interest, SNR—signal–noise ratio; SD—standard deviation; Tmt—treatment (group difference); WM—White Matter.