Table 3.
Hazard ratios (HR) mutually adjusted for all factors shown
| Characteristic | HR (95% CI)* | P value |
| Age (per 5-year increase)† | 0.92 (0.92 to 0.93) | 1.0e-133 |
| Age category (years) | ||
| <45 | 1.00 | |
| 45 to <55 | 0.79 (0.75 to 0.82) | 1.5e-26 |
| 55 to <65 | 0.60 (0.58 to 0.63) | 1.1e-96 |
| 65 and over | 0.57 (0.54 to 0.59) | 1.4e-115 |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 1.00 | |
| Male | 1.04 (1.01 to 1.07) | 0.011 |
| Baseline DR grade‡ | ||
| No retinopathy | 1.00 | |
| Retinopathy in one eye | 3.03 (2.91 to 3.15) | 4.6e-626 |
| Retinopathy in both eyes | 7.88 (7.59 to 8.18) | 2.5e-2521 |
| Ethnicity | ||
| White | 1.00 | |
| South Asian | 1.36 (1.31 to 1.42) | 1.0e-52 |
| Black | 1.57 (1.50 to 1.64) | 2.6e-81 |
| Any other Asian | 1.25 (1.16 to 1.34) | 4.0e-10 |
| Other | 1.29 (1.18 to 1.42) | 4.7e-08 |
| Mixed | 1.39 (1.20 to 1.60) | 5.7e-06 |
| Chinese | 0.98 (0.79 to 1.21) | 0.831 |
| Unknown | 1.71 (1.41 to 2.07) | 4.8e-08 |
| Duration of diabetes (per 5-year increase) | 1.14 (1.13 to 1.15) | 8.3e-138 |
| Type of diabetes | ||
| 2 | 1.00 | |
| 1 | 1.03 (0.97 to 1.11) | 0.337 |
| Other | 0.73 (0.44 to 1.22) | 0.231 |
| Missing | 1.34 (1.20 to 1.51) | 6.3e-07 |
| Deprivation (IMD quintiles) | ||
| 1 | 1.00 | |
| 2 | 1.04 (0.99 to 1.10) | 0.141 |
| 3 | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.09) | 0.281 |
| 4 | 0.98 (0.93 to 1.04) | 0.592 |
| 5 | 0.93 (0.87 to 1.00) | 0.041 |
| Missing | 1.68 (0.75 to 3.75) | 0.208 |
HR >1 imply greater hazards for sight-threatening DR. Bold p values show statistically significant results.
*Mutually adjusted HR from Cox model adjusting for age, sex, baseline DR severity, ethnicity, duration and type of diabetes and IMD.
†Models with age as continuous and categorical variable were fitted separately. Estimates are included in this table to show non-linear associations.
‡No retinopathy (R0M0 in both eyes); retinopathy in one eye (R1M0 in one eye); retinopathy in both eyes (R1M0 in both eyes).
DR, diabetic retinopathy; IMD, index of multiple deprivation.