Table 1.
Comparison of patient characteristics between COVID-19 patients with hyponatraemia, normonatremia and hypernatraemia
| Hyponatraemia Na≤134 mmol/L N=2677 |
Normonatremia Na 136–145 mmol/L N=5008 |
Hypernatraemia Na≥146 mmol/L N=126 |
|
| Sex assigned at birth (N (%)) | Male 1673 (62.5%) Female 1003 (37.5%) P=0.002 |
Male 2946 (58.8%) Female 2060 (41.2%) |
Male 84 (66.7%) Female 42 (33.3%) |
| Age (median age in years (IQR)) | N=2675 67.0 (58.0–77.0) P<0.001 |
N=5008 66.1 (55.0–76.0) |
N=126 72.5 (62.8–80.3) P<0.001 |
| BMI (median BMI in kg/m2 (IQR)) | N=1740 27.2 (24.2–31.1) P=0.009 |
N=3374 27.7 (24.6–31.6) |
N=91 25.0 (22.2–29.1) P<0.001 |
| Order ‘do not intubate’ (N (%)) | 440/1442 (30.5%) | 796/2469 (32.2%) | 39/77 (50.6%) P=0.004 |
| Chronic cardiac disease (N (%)) | 760/2666 (28.5%) P=0.07 |
1334/4982 (26.8%) | 42/123 (34.1%) P=0.07 |
| Hypertension (N (%)) | 1055/2374 (44.4%) P=0.002 |
1889/4586 (41.2%) | 64/120 (53.3%) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease (N (%)) | 466/2662 (17.5%) P=0.75 |
844/4979 (17.0%) | 19/122 (15.6%) P=0.75 |
| Chronic kidney disease (N (%)) | 329/2379 (13.8%) P<0.001 |
491/4587 (10.7%) | 26/121 (21.5%) P<0.001 |
| Moderate to severe liver disease (N (%)) | 30/2662 (1.1%) P=0.46 |
50/4972 (1.0%) | 0/123 (0.0%) P=0.46 |
| Diabetes (N (%)) | 664/2662 (24.9%) P=0.39 |
1261/4972 (25.4%) | 38/125 (30.4%) P=0.39 |
| Immunosuppressives (N (%)) | 192/2283 (8.4%) P=0.002 |
295/4445 (6.6%) | 2/118 (1.7%) |
| Thiazide diuretics (N (%)) | 258/2671 (9.7%) P=0.015 |
394/4994 (7.9%) | 7/125 (5.6%) |
| Loop diuretics (N (%)) | 187/2671 (7.0%) P=0.22 |
389/4994 (7.8%) | 13/125 (10.4%) P=0.22 |
| SSRIs/SNRIs (N (%)) | 78/2671 (2.9%) P=0.69 |
164/4994 (3.3%) | 4/125 (3.2%) P=0.69 |
Significance was assessed using a Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc correction (for numerical data; non-normally distributed) or χ2 test (for categorical data). P values for all groups indicate the adjusted significance after post hoc correction when compared with the normonatremia group. When no p value was provided, there was no significant difference compared with the normonatremia group. Subgroup analyses for hyponatraemia are provided in the online supplemental information.
%, percentage of patients in this group with indicated characteristic; BMI, body mass index; SNRI, selective serotonin and noradrenalin reuptake inhibitor; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.