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. 2023 Oct 25;24(21):15563. doi: 10.3390/ijms242115563

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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A schematic presentation of apical and basolateral secretion of EVs by polarized cholangiocytes and their targets. The polarized cholangiocytes release several EVs from their apical membrane region towards the bile duct and from their basolateral part towards hepatocytes and the capillaries around the intrahepatic ducts [43]. The apical EV release is implicated in cell–cell communication and induces several signaling pathways via EV uptake by cilia, while the basolateral EV release is implicated in upstream intercellular communication [43,44]. This figure was created with “BioRender.com”, accessed on 19 October 2023 (Agreement number XU25ZQ4AUV).