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. 2023 Oct 25;24(21):15563. doi: 10.3390/ijms242115563

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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A schematic presentation of the wide variety of TME components and tumor-promoting EV cargoes that modulate CCA-TME. TME is a dynamic, heterogeneous system that comprises a wide variety of cells, including immune cells and adipocytes, as well as extracellular matrix, collagen fibers, neo-vessels, tumor-secreting-molecules, and chemokines. EVs are secreted by CCA cells, as well as other several cells of TME such as TAMs. This figure was created with “BioRender.com”, accessed on 19 October 2023 (Agreement number RM25ZQJVSG). (BMSCs) bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, (Circ-CCAC1) cholangiocarcinoma-associated circular RNA 1, (YY1) Yin Yang 1, (CAMLG) calcium modulating ligand, (CXCL1) C-X-C motif ligand 1, (CCL2) chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, (IL-6) interleukin-6, (CAFs) cancer-associated fibroblasts, (HPGD) 5-hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase, ↑ upregulated.