Figure 1.

Reaching task, participant groups, and movement parameters of reaching. A: starting position and target locations. The participants performed arm-reaching movement on a two-dimensional horizontal plane toward one of eight targets appearing in the medial (M), medial forward (MF), forward (F), lateral forward (LF), lateral (L), lateral backward (LB), backward (B), and medial backward (MB) directions from the starting position. B: classification of the participants into two groups. The participants were classified into the mild and moderate-to-severe groups according to the level of motor impairment severity, as evaluated using the Fugl-Meyer assessment for upper extremity (FMA-UE), a clinical assessment score for upper-extremity impairment. The numbers inside indicate the number of participants included in each category. C: hand paths and three movement parameters in a representative participant in the mild group. All right-side data, regardless of whether they were data for the more-affected or less-affected side, were flipped to correspond to the left-side data.