Table 3.

Identified chemokines upregulated in the heart during CKD and the benefits of using inhibitory strategies.

Chemokine/ Chemokine Receptor	Inhibitory Strategy	Species (Mice or Rats)	Model	Beneficial Effects	References
CCL8	Anti-CCL8 in early CKD	Mice	Uremic cardiomyopathy induced by 5/6 nephrectomy.	↓ Attenuated infiltration of TCD4+, lymphocytes and macrophages. ↓ Cardiac remodeling. ↓ Inflammation. ↓ Cardiac dysfunction.	[52]
CXCL10	CCR2-/- mice or Anti-CXCL10 antibody	Mice	Uremic cardiomyopathy induced by 5/6 nephrectomy or intraperitoneal folate (240 mg/kg body weight).	↓ Monocyte infiltration in the heart. ↓ Cardiac alterations. ↓ Macrophage local proliferation. ↓ Cardiac hypertrophy. ↓ Cardiac dysfunction.	[53]

Abbreviations: CKD: chronic kidney disease, CCL8: C-C motif chemokine 8, CXCL10: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)10. Symbols: ↓ decrease.