Table 6.
Concentrations of fasted growth factors and cytokines across the different phases of the study Measurements were taken following each of the study phases: baseline nutritional ketosis (NK) P1; intervention to suppress ketosis (SuK) P2; and removal of SuK returning to NK, P3. Measurements were taken at 8 a.m. after a 12 h overnight fast; (P1, P2, n = 10; P3, n = 9).
| P1 | P2 | P3 | ANOVA p Value |
P1 vs. P2 | P2 vs. P3 | P1 vs. P3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EGF (pg/mL) | 33.02 (± 30.96) | 50.13 (± 38.19) | 37.82 (± 26.81) | 0.0139 | 0.0450 | 0.3473 | 0.0478 |
| VEGF (pg/mL) | 93.93 (± 54.30) | 147.33 (± 100.03) | 134.80 (± 98.79) | 0.0147 | 0.0314 | 0.2102 | 0.0801 |
|
Interferon-γ
(pg/mL) |
1.14 (± 2.64) | 0.72 (± 1.05) | 0.57 (± 0.90) | 0.3755 | 0.7019 | 0.2452 | 0.6019 |
| (MCP-1) (pg/mL) | 103.98 (± 39.30) | 192.53 (± 84.73) | 128.52 (± 51.80) | 0.0026 | 0.0137 | 0.0175 | 0.2622 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 2.23 (± 1.75) | 2.66 (± 1.26) | 2.09 (± 0.97) | 0.1387 | 0.3887 | 0.0785 | 0.8430 |
| IL-1a (pg/mL) | 0.30 (± 0.40) | 0.26 (± 0.25) | 0.26 (± 0.25) | 0.3230 | 0.6266 | 0.5406 | 0.5104 |
| IL-1b (pg/mL) | 2.23 (± 3.42) | 1.85 (± 2.02) | 1.71 (± 2.04) | 0.3090 | 0.7045 | 0.0381 | 0.4989 |
| IL-2 (pg/mL) | 1.92 (± 1.48) | 1.71 (± 1.16) | 1.94 (± 1.37) | 0.2932 | 0.4409 | 0.7569 | 0.3809 |
| IL-4 (pg/mL) | 2.14 (± 0.80) | 2.06 (± 0.99) | 2.25 (± 1.17) | 0.4635 | 0.5358 | 0.5138 | 0.9090 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 0.95 (± 0.80) | 1.22 (± 1.11) | 0.84 (± 0.56) | 0.5034 | 0.9238 | 0.5677 | 0.5771 |
| IL-8 (pg/mL) | 8.91 (± 9.56) | 8.60 (± 5.93) | 8.08 (± 6.30) | 0.6738 | 0.9966 | 0.5725 | 0.8009 |
| IL-10 (pg/mL) | 0.61 (± 0.37) | 0.68 (± 0.46) | 0.53 (± 0.25) | 0.4323 | 0.9084 | 0.4420 | 0.5573 |