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. 2023 Oct 30;11(21):2861. doi: 10.3390/healthcare11212861

Table 6.

Relationship between muscle-strengthening physical activity with the Health-Related Quality of Life Instrument with 8 Items scores—Adjusted model.

Adjusted Model
B SE Wald
χ2
Exp (β) Percentile Difference
(%)
95% CI p-Value
MSPA
<2 days/week Ref.
≥2 days/week 0.011 0.0035 9.0 1.011 1.06 (1.004–1.018) 0.003
Sex
Men Ref.
Women −0.039 0.0040 94.9 0.962 −3.79 (0.955–0.97) <0.001
Age (years old)
19–34 Ref.
35–49 −0.014 0.0048 8.8 0.986 −1.40 (0.977–0.995) 0.003
50–64 −0.023 0.0053 18.6 0.977 −2.28 (0.967–0.987) <0.001
Levels of education
Elementary school graduates Ref.
Middle school graduates 0.016 0.0083 3.5 1.016 1.57 (0.999–1.032) 0.060
High school graduates 0.042 0.0070 36.9 1.043 4.32 (1.029–1.058) <0.001
≥College or university graduates 0.044 0.0072 37.6 1.045 4.51 (1.03–1.06) <0.001
Monthly household income
Low Ref.
Mid-low 0.023 0.0057 16.6 1.024 2.35 (1.012–1.035) <0.001
Mid-high 0.035 0.0057 39.0 1.036 3.61 (1.025–1.048) <0.001
High 0.035 0.0057 38.8 1.036 3.58 (1.024–1.047) <0.001
Economic activities
Yes Ref.
No −0.016 0.0034 21.9 0.984 −1.56 (0.978–0.991) <0.001
Marital status
Married Ref.
Others −0.013 0.0047 7.2 0.987 −1.26 (0.978–0.997) 0.007
Smoking status
Non-smokers Ref.
Ex-smokers −0.013 0.0044 8.6 0.987 −1.27 (0.979–0.996) 0.003
Smokers −0.029 0.0046 38.7 0.972 −2.83 (0.963–0.981) <0.001
Alcohol intake
Abstinent Ref.
Low-moderate 0.002 0.0042 0.2 1.002 0.17 (0.994–1.01) 0.683
Occasional 0.009 0.0046 4.2 1.009 0.93 (1–1.018) 0.042
Frequent 0.005 0.0048 1.2 1.005 0.53 (0.996–1.015) 0.265
BMI (kg/m2)
<23 Ref.
23–25 −0.005 0.0039 1.5 0.995 −0.47 (0.988–1.003) 0.218
>25 −0.009 0.0035 6.5 0.991 −0.88 (0.984–0.998) 0.011
Medical history
Hypertension −0.007 0.0048 1.9 0.993 −0.65 (0.984–1.003) 0.169
Diabetes mellitus −0.010 0.0068 2.2 0.990 −1.00 (0.977–1.003) 0.141
Dyslipidemia −0.017 0.0049 12.3 0.983 −1.70 (0.974–0.992) <0.001
Cerebrovascular diseases −0.050 0.0151 10.8 0.952 −4.84 (0.924–0.98) 0.001
Ischemic heart diseases −0.021 0.0140 2.3 0.979 −2.12 (0.952–1.006) 0.127

Note: SE, standard error; CI, confidence interval. Abbreviations: MSPA, muscle-strengthening physical activity; BMI, body mass index.