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. 2023 Oct 28;15(21):4588. doi: 10.3390/nu15214588

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of participants according to lifestyle score (n = 23,408).

Characteristics Lifestyle Score p Value
Poor (0–2) Intermediate
(3–4)
Ideal (5–6)
No. of cases 4035 13,236 6137
Age, y 62.0 (7.2) 61.8 (7.9) 61.4 (8.3) <0.001
BMI, kg/m2 24.2 (3.0) 23.5 (2.9) 22.4 (2.2) <0.001
Waist circumference, cm 83.5 (8.5) 80.8 (8.4) 77.9 (7.5) <0.001
Male 2748 (68.1) 6005 (45.4) 1655 (27.0) <0.001
Education attainment, n (%) <0.001
Less than high school 2356 (58.9) 7679 (58.4) 3380 (55.5)
High school or equivalent 1110 (27.7) 3890 (29.6) 1948 (32.0)
College or above 537 (13.4) 1586 (12.1) 757 (12.4)
Alcohol consumption, n (%) <0.001
Never 442 (22.0) 7062 (62.4) 9096 (90.4)
Current 1505 (74.9) 3576 (31.6) 463 (4.6)
Former 63 (3.1) 672 (5.9) 500 (5.0)
Smoking status, n (%) <0.001
Never 697 (34.7) 7100 (63.0) 8751 (87.4)
Current 1073 (54.3) 2791 (24.8) 398 (4.0)
Former 241 (12.0) 1377 (12.2) 861 (8.6)
Hypertension, n (%) 1382 (34.4) 4177 (31.8) 1609 (26.4) <0.001
Hyperlipidemia, n (%) 928 (23.2) 2404 (18.3) 920 (15.1) <0.001
Gallstones, n (%) 458 (11.4) 1504 (11.5) 679 (11.2) <0.001
Diabetes, n (%) 323 (8.1) 1198 (9.1) 434 (7.1) <0.001
CVD, n (%) 686 (17.1) 2057 (15.7) 740 (12.2) <0.001
Vegetables and fruits (both more than daily), n (%) 1248 (30.9) 6254 (47.2) 4689 (76.4) <0.001
Meat (less than daily), n (%) 2320 (57.5) 8593 (64.9) 5112 (83.3) <0.001
Systolic pressure, mm Hg 131.1 (20.0) 129.5 (19.7) 128.1 (19.3) <0.001
Diastolic pressure, mm Hg 79.1 (11.8) 77.7 (11.3) 76.6 (10.7) <0.001
Fasting glucose, mean (SD), mmol/L 5.8 (1.5) 5.8 (1.4) 5.7 (1.3) <0.001
Total cholesterol, mmol/L 4.9 (1.0) 5.0 (1.0) 5.1 (1.0) <0.001
Triglycerides, mmol/L 1.4 (1.0) 1.3 (0.9) 1.3 (0.9) <0.001
HDL-C, mmol/L 1.5 (0.4) 1.5 (0.4) 1.5 (0.4) <0.001
LDL-C, mmol/L 2.8 (0.8) 2.9 (0.8) 2.9 (0.8) <0.001
Alkaline phosphatase, mmol/L 87.4 (26.0) 89.0 (30.0) 90.7 (34.1) <0.001
γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, mmol/L 29.3 (35.2) 24.1 (28.1) 20.9 (19.0) <0.001
AST, mmol/L 24.6 (14.2) 24.5 (14.4) 24.1 (10.7) 0.085
ALT, mmol/L 22.2 (16.6) 21.9 (19.8) 21.1 (14.3) 0.005
Physical activity (h/wk) 7.0 (6.4) 8.7 (7.8) 10.2 (7.5) <0.001
Sleep duration (h/d) 8.5 (1.2) 8.2 (1.1) 7.9 (0.9) <0.001

Continuous variables were displayed as means and standard deviation and categorical variables were expressed as numbers and percentages. Analysis of variance for continuous variables and χ2 test for categoric variables. Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase.

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