Table 1.
Characteristics | Lifestyle Score | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Poor (0–2) | Intermediate (3–4) |
Ideal (5–6) | ||
No. of cases | 4035 | 13,236 | 6137 | |
Age, y | 62.0 (7.2) | 61.8 (7.9) | 61.4 (8.3) | <0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.2 (3.0) | 23.5 (2.9) | 22.4 (2.2) | <0.001 |
Waist circumference, cm | 83.5 (8.5) | 80.8 (8.4) | 77.9 (7.5) | <0.001 |
Male | 2748 (68.1) | 6005 (45.4) | 1655 (27.0) | <0.001 |
Education attainment, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
Less than high school | 2356 (58.9) | 7679 (58.4) | 3380 (55.5) | |
High school or equivalent | 1110 (27.7) | 3890 (29.6) | 1948 (32.0) | |
College or above | 537 (13.4) | 1586 (12.1) | 757 (12.4) | |
Alcohol consumption, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
Never | 442 (22.0) | 7062 (62.4) | 9096 (90.4) | |
Current | 1505 (74.9) | 3576 (31.6) | 463 (4.6) | |
Former | 63 (3.1) | 672 (5.9) | 500 (5.0) | |
Smoking status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
Never | 697 (34.7) | 7100 (63.0) | 8751 (87.4) | |
Current | 1073 (54.3) | 2791 (24.8) | 398 (4.0) | |
Former | 241 (12.0) | 1377 (12.2) | 861 (8.6) | |
Hypertension, n (%) | 1382 (34.4) | 4177 (31.8) | 1609 (26.4) | <0.001 |
Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 928 (23.2) | 2404 (18.3) | 920 (15.1) | <0.001 |
Gallstones, n (%) | 458 (11.4) | 1504 (11.5) | 679 (11.2) | <0.001 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 323 (8.1) | 1198 (9.1) | 434 (7.1) | <0.001 |
CVD, n (%) | 686 (17.1) | 2057 (15.7) | 740 (12.2) | <0.001 |
Vegetables and fruits (both more than daily), n (%) | 1248 (30.9) | 6254 (47.2) | 4689 (76.4) | <0.001 |
Meat (less than daily), n (%) | 2320 (57.5) | 8593 (64.9) | 5112 (83.3) | <0.001 |
Systolic pressure, mm Hg | 131.1 (20.0) | 129.5 (19.7) | 128.1 (19.3) | <0.001 |
Diastolic pressure, mm Hg | 79.1 (11.8) | 77.7 (11.3) | 76.6 (10.7) | <0.001 |
Fasting glucose, mean (SD), mmol/L | 5.8 (1.5) | 5.8 (1.4) | 5.7 (1.3) | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.9 (1.0) | 5.0 (1.0) | 5.1 (1.0) | <0.001 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.4 (1.0) | 1.3 (0.9) | 1.3 (0.9) | <0.001 |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.4) | <0.001 |
LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.8 (0.8) | 2.9 (0.8) | 2.9 (0.8) | <0.001 |
Alkaline phosphatase, mmol/L | 87.4 (26.0) | 89.0 (30.0) | 90.7 (34.1) | <0.001 |
γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, mmol/L | 29.3 (35.2) | 24.1 (28.1) | 20.9 (19.0) | <0.001 |
AST, mmol/L | 24.6 (14.2) | 24.5 (14.4) | 24.1 (10.7) | 0.085 |
ALT, mmol/L | 22.2 (16.6) | 21.9 (19.8) | 21.1 (14.3) | 0.005 |
Physical activity (h/wk) | 7.0 (6.4) | 8.7 (7.8) | 10.2 (7.5) | <0.001 |
Sleep duration (h/d) | 8.5 (1.2) | 8.2 (1.1) | 7.9 (0.9) | <0.001 |
Continuous variables were displayed as means and standard deviation and categorical variables were expressed as numbers and percentages. Analysis of variance for continuous variables and χ2 test for categoric variables. Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase.