Table A1.

Main bioplastic formulations, with short description, advantages and disadvantages of each component.

Bioplastic	Components	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages	Ref.
TG/HPMC/BW	Gum tragacanth (TG)	Used as emulsifier, thickener, stabiliser and texturant additive.	High water binding ability, efficient suspending action and effective surface-activity	Poor film preparation	[22]
	Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC)	Improve film-forming property	Abundant availability, biodegradability, thermal stability, process ability and excellent film-forming capability	Poor moisture barrier
	Beeswaxes (BW)	Improve moisture barrier and flexibility	Hydrophobicity and firmly packed crystalline structure
	Oleic Acid	Emulsifier
	Glycerol	Plasticizer	Increases flexibility (Elongation at break), low molecular weight non-volatile substance, hydrophilic	Lower moisture retention, decreases UTS, Elasticity modulus, lower oxygen water vapour permeability
Agar/banana powder	Agar		Good film-forming, abundance, renewability and biocompatability	Low mechanical, water resistance properties	[23]
	Banana Powder	To improve water barrier, UV Screening effect, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.	Potential to increase hydrophobicity, functional properties to secure food safety and extend its life. Good film-forming. Can help reduce metal ions to nanoparticles.
	Glycerol	Gelling, stabilisers, emulsifiers, and thickening agents	Temperature stability, firmness directly proportional to agar concentration, good clarity, low adhesiveness and inert. Abundant, cheap. Low hydroscopic property	Low mechanical properties
Agar	Agar	Gelling, stabilisers, emulsifiers, and thickening agents	Temperature stability, firmness directly proportional to agar concentration, good clarity, low adhesiveness and inert. Abundant, cheap. Low hydroscopic property	Low mechanical properties	[20]
	Glycerol	Plasticizer
HPMC	HPMC		Good film-forming, good for film or coating. Odorless, water-soluble, and tasteless. Moderate moisture and oxygen permeability.	Low mechanical and barrier properties	[21]
Chitosan–Starch	Starch (Rice and Waxy Rice)	Abundant, non-toxic, renewable source, suitable for film-formation. Cheap, easily biodegradable	Sensitive to Moisture, poor mechanical properties		[25]
	Chitosan	To improve mechanical, water vapor barrier, antimicrobial attributes, reduce cost and biodegradability of starch composite	Abundant, non-toxic, renewable source, suitable for film-formation. Antimicrobial activity
	Acetic Acid	To dissolve Chitosan flakes
Chitosan/Gelatin	Chitosan	To improve mechanical properties of Gelatin	Biocompatible, biodegradable, antimicrobial. Better mechanical and gas barrier properties		[82]
	Gelatin	Emulsifier	Gel formation, texturizing, thickening. Good film forming. Absorption of UV light	Low thermal strength, elasticity, mechanical properties
	Acetic Acid	To dissolve Chitosan flakes
Chitosan	Chitosan		Antimicrobial activity, edible, excellent oxygen and carbon dioxide barrier	Only acid soluble	[13]
	Formic or Acetic acid	To dissolve Chitosan
	Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG)
	Hydroxyl Ethyl Cellulose		Water soluble, non-ionic, high compatibility