Figure 4.

Organoids in translational medicine. (a) Drug-Screening; Patient-derived organoids can be used in a high-throughput drug screening platform to study DILI. These pre-clinical platforms can be used as diagnostic tools and predictive models for drug discovery [177]. (b) Organ-on-chip; Depiction of a mechanically actuable two channel organ chip fabricated using soft lithography from PDMS with two channels parallel to each other separated by a microporous membrane. Cells from different tissues are cultured on top and bottom of the extracellular matrix (ECM)-coated microporous membrane to emulate tissue–tissue interaction where air introduction above the epithelium can take place to recreate air-liquid interface (as observed in lungs) or the channel could be used for fluid perfusion [169]. Human liver organoid-based chips have recently been used for DILI risk assessment [177]. DILI, drug induced liver injury; PDMS, polydimethylsiloxane.