Table 1.
Baseline patient demographics and clinical characteristics (s-IPTW-adjusted).
| Variable | Demographics and clinical characteristics |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Listing 1 |
Listing 2 |
Listing 3 |
|||||||
| Dabigatran | Warfarin | ASD | Rivaroxaban | Warfarin | ASD | Dabigatran | Rivaroxaban | ASD | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 74.3 (9.8) | 74.8 (11.1) | 0.041 | 74.8 (10.7) | 74.8 (11.1) | 0.005 | 74.3 (9.8) | 74.8 (10.7) | 0.047 |
| Female, n (%) | 2081 (31.1 %) | 3931 (32.1 %) | 0.021 | 6615 (32.4 %) | 3931 (32.1 %) | 0.005 | 2081 (31.1 %) | 6615 (32.4 %) | 0.027 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score, mean (SD) | 4.2 (1.5) | 4.3 (1.5) | 0.032 | 4.3 (1.6) | 4.3 (1.5) | 0.004 | 4.2 (1.5) | 4.3 (1.6) | 0.028 |
| HAS-BLED score, mean (SD) | 2.4 (1.1) | 2.4 (1.0) | 0.021 | 2.4 (1.1) | 2.4 (1.0) | 0.014 | 2.4 (1.1) | 2.4 (1.1) | 0.007 |
| Comorbidities*, n (%) | |||||||||
| Heart failure | 4114 (61.6) | 7518 (61.5) | 0.002 | 12,679 (62.1) | 7518 (61.5) | 0.013 | 4114 (61.6) | 12,679 (62.1) | 0.010 |
| Peripheral arterial disorder | 787 (11.8) | 1414 (11.6) | 0.007 | 2355 (11.5) | 1414 (11.6) | 0.001 | 787 (11.8) | 2355 (11.5) | 0.008 |
| Hypertension | 4887 (73.1) | 8987 (73.5) | 0.008 | 14,849 (72.7) | 8987 (73.5) | 0.017 | 4887 (73.1) | 14,849 (72.7) | 0.010 |
| Diabetes | 1930 (28.9) | 3563 (29.1) | 0.005 | 5871 (28.8) | 3563 (29.1) | 0.008 | 1930 (28.9) | 5871 (28.8) | 0.003 |
| Prior stroke/TIA/SE | 1144 (17.1) | 2179 (17.8) | 0.018 | 3586 (17.6) | 2179 (17.8) | 0.007 | 1144 (17.1) | 3586 (17.6) | 0.012 |
| Acute coronary syndrome | 92 (1.4) | 155 (1.3) | 0.009 | 243 (1.2) | 155 (1.3) | 0.008 | 92 (1.4) | 243 (1.2) | 0.016 |
| Myocardial infarction | 1515 (22.7) | 2779 (22.7) | 0.001 | 4530 (22.2) | 2779 (22.7) | 0.013 | 1515 (22.7) | 4530 (22.2) | 0.012 |
| Unstable angina | 721 (10.8) | 1354 (11.1) | 0.009 | 2240 (11.0) | 1354 (11.1) | 0.003 | 721 (10.8) | 2240 (11.0) | 0.006 |
| Bleeding history | 300 (4.5) | 516 (4.2) | 0.013 | 858 (4.2) | 516 (4.2) | 0.001 | 300 (4.5) | 858 (4.2) | 0.014 |
| Renal dysfunction | 676 (10.1) | 1283 (10.5) | 0.012 | 2198 (10.8) | 1283 (10.5) | 0.009 | 676 (10.1) | 2198 (10.8) | 0.021 |
| Hepatic dysfunction | 29 (0.4) | 48 (0.4) | 0.007 | 81 (0.4) | 48 (0.4) | 0.001 | 29 (0.4) | 81 (0.4) | 0.006 |
| Cancers | 1092 (16.3) | 1988 (16.3) | 0.002 | 3299 (16.2) | 1988 (16.3) | 0.003 | 1092 (16.3) | 3299 (16.2) | 0.005 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 1490 (22.3) | 2723 (22.3) | 0.001 | 4535 (22.2) | 2723 (22.3) | 0.001 | 1490 (22.3) | 4535 (22.2) | 0.002 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1527 (22.9) | 2910 (23.8) | 0.022 | 4859 (23.8) | 2910 (23.8) | 0.00 | 1527 (22.9) | 4859 (23.8) | 0.022 |
| Obesity | 23 (0.3) | 44 (0.4) | 0.003 | 77 (0.4) | 44 (0.4) | 0.003 | 23 (0.3) | 77 (0.4) | 0.006 |
| Concomitant medication†, n (%) | |||||||||
| Antiplatelet drugs (include aspirin§, clopidogrel, ticagrelor, prasugrel) |
2986 (44.7) | 5534 (45.2) | 0.011 | 9028 (44.2) | 5534 (45.2) | 0.021 | 2986 (44.7) | 9028 (44.2) | 0.010 |
| Number of antiplatelet drugs per prescription | |||||||||
| Single antiplatelet | 2225 (33.3) | 4122 (33.7) | 0.011 | 6799 (33.3) | 4122 (33.7) | 0.024 | 2225 (33.3) | 6799 (33.3) | 0.015 |
| Dual antiplatelet | 761 (11.4) | 1412 (11.5) | 2229 (10.9) | 1412 (11.5) | 761 (11.4) | 2229 (10.9) | |||
| None | 3696 (55.3) | 6696 (54.8) | 11,393 (55.8) | 6696 (54.8) | 3696 (55.3) | 11,393 (55.8) | |||
| Antiplatelet use duration | |||||||||
| Single antiplatelet use: 6–12 months | 724 (10.8) | 1336 (10.9) | 0.016 | 2235 (10.9) | 1336 (10.9) | 0.030 | 724 (10.8) | 2235 (10.9) | 0.019 |
| Single antiplatelet use: 1–6 months | 169 (2.5) | 304 (2.5) | 501 (2.5) | 304 (2.5) | 169 (2.5) | 501 (2.5) | |||
| Single antiplatelet use: <1 month | 1333 (19.9) | 2483 (20.3) | 4063 (19.9) | 2483 (20.3) | 1333 (19.9) | 4063 (19.9) | |||
| Dual antiplatelet use: 6–12 months | 193 (2.9) | 341 (2.8) | 579 (2.8) | 341 (2.8) | 193 (2.9) | 579 (2.8) | |||
| Dual antiplatelet use: 1–6 months | 72 (1.1) | 136 (1.1) | 224 (1.1) | 136 (1.1) | 72 (1.1) | 224 (1.1) | |||
| Dual antiplatelet use: <1 month | 496 (7.4) | 934 (7.6) | 1426 (7.0) | 934 (7.6) | 496 (7.4) | 1426 (7.0) | |||
| None | 3696 (55.3) | 6696 (54.8) | 11,393 (55.8) | 6696 (54.8) | 3696 (55.3) | 11,393 (55.8) | |||
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 1272 (19.0) | 2287 (18.7) | 0.008 | 3773 (18.5) | 2287 (18.7) | 0.006 | 1272 (19.0) | 3773 (18.5) | 0.014 |
| Gastric secretion inhibitors | 865 (12.9) | 1593 (13.0) | 0.002 | 2638 (12.9) | 1593 (13.0) | 0.003 | 865 (12.9) | 2638 (12.9) | 0.001 |
| Statins | 2449 (36.7) | 4545 (37.2) | 0.011 | 7405 (36.3) | 4545 (37.2) | 0.019 | 2449 (36.7) | 7405 (36.3) | 0.008 |
| Heparins | 3045 (45.6) | 5615 (45.9) | 0.007 | 9231 (45.2) | 5615 (45.9) | 0.014 | 3045 (45.6) | 9231 (45.2) | 0.008 |
| Proton pump inhibitor | 3218 (48.2) | 5951 (48.7) | 0.010 | 9900 (48.5) | 5951 (48.7) | 0.004 | 3218 (48.2) | 9900 (48.5) | 0.006 |
| Antihypertensive drugs | 5931 (88.8) | 10,898 (89.1) | 0.011 | 18,120 (88.7) | 10,898 (89.1) | 0.012 | 5931 (88.8) | 18,120 (88.7) | 0.001 |
| Medical procedures‖, n (%) | |||||||||
| Cardioversion | 127 (1.9) | 252 (2.1) | 0.011 | 377 (1.8) | 252 (2.1) | 0.015 | 127 (1.9) | 377 (1.8) | 0.004 |
| Ablation | 69 (1.0) | 146 (1.2) | 0.015 | 205 (1.0) | 146 (1.2) | 0.018 | 69 (1.0) | 205 (1.0) | 0.003 |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting | 338 (5.1) | 575 (4.7) | 0.016 | 946 (4.6) | 575 (4.7) | 0.003 | 338 (5.1) | 946 (4.6) | 0.020 |
Abbreviations: ASD = absolute standardized difference; CHA2DS2-VASc = congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, stroke, vascular disease, age 65–74 years, sex category (female); HAS-BLED = hypertension, abnormal renal/liver function, stroke, bleeding history or predisposition, labile INR, elderly (>65 years), drugs/alcohol concomitantly; OTC, over the counter; INR = international normalized ratio; SD = standard deviation; SE = systemic embolism; s-IPTW = stabilized inverse probability of treatment weighting; TIA = transient ischemic attack.
*
Had at least one diagnosis before or on the index date during the lookback period.
†
Had used the drug before or on the index date during the lookback period.
§
OTC aspirin use not captured.
‖
Underwent the procedure before or on the index date during the lookback period.