Table 1.
Grouped data on demographic and physical characteristics at baseline and follow-up
| Characteristic | Grouped (N = 28) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Follow-up | ||
| Age, years | 69.1 ± 3.8 | 80.0 ± 3.5 | < 0.001 |
| Female vs male sex, n (%) | 13 (46) vs 15 (54) | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.3 ± 3.3 | 26.5 ± 4.4 | 0.83 |
| MMSE, score 0–30 | 29.0 (28.0–30.0) | 28.5 (27.0–29.0) | 0.035 |
| MoCA, score 0–30 | 25.0 (23.0–27.0) | ||
| Level of education [22], n (%) | |||
| Low, n (%) | 3 (11) | ||
| Middle, n (%) | 11 (39) | ||
| High, n (%) | 14 (50) | ||
| Presence of disease or complications during follow-up, n (%) | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 0 (0) | ||
| Anti-hypertensive medication use | 13 (50)a | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 3 (11) | ||
| Arthritis | 14 (50) | ||
| Hearing impairment | 14 (50) | ||
| Visual impairment | 5 (18) | ||
| Dementia | 0 (0) | ||
| Neurological disease | 0 (0) | ||
| Transient ischemic attack | 2 (7) | ||
| Stroke | 1 (4) | ||
| Traumatic brain injury | 1 (4)a | ||
| Presence of disease or complications in 12 months preceding follow-up assessments, n (%) | |||
| Heart disease | 5 (18) | ||
| Malignant form of cancer | 2 (7) | ||
| Depression | 1 (4) | ||
| Anxiety or panic attacks | 2 (7) | ||
| Hip fracture | 0 (0) | ||
| Dizziness | 7 (25) | ||
| Falls | 7 (25) | ||
| Subjective health, score 1–10 | 8 (7–8) | ||
| Subjective quality of life, score 1–10 | 8 (8–9) | ||
| Frailty index, score 0–1 | 0.09 (0.05–0.14) | ||
| LAPAQ total daily physical activity score | 89 ± 39b | ||
| Maximal hand grip strength, kg | 34 (24–43) | ||
| Timed Up & Go, sec | 8 (7–10)b | ||
| 30-s chair stand test, stands | 11 ± 2b | ||
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, median with interquartile range between brackets, or frequency number with percentage between brackets. P values represent significance levels for comparisons between complete baseline and follow-up data using a paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test or for the fixed effect of time as derived from the linear mixed-model analyses with correction for baseline age, sex, and time-by-sex interaction. Values in bold indicate significance, P < 0.05
Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, EtCO2 end-tidal carbon dioxide, LAPAQ Longitudinal Ageing Study Amsterdam Physical Activity Questionnaire, LF low-frequency domain, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, VLF very low frequency domain, VO2max maximal oxygen uptake
a2 missing values
b1 missing value