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. 2023 Feb 28;45(4):2405–2423. doi: 10.1007/s11357-023-00755-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Study design, methodology, and analyses. A The general structure of the Colombian Survey on Health, Well-Being, and Aging (SHWA). The top left panel depicts the Colombian regions (Central, Pacific, Amazonian, Atlantic, and Bogota regions) where data were collected to complete 23,694 individuals. The middle panel in A shows the different types of factors assessed in the study. The predictors included in the theory-driven approach (DG, SDH, and CMF) are detained in the red boxes. Moreover, additional health variables factors were assessed in the data-driven approach (blue boxes). The top right panel in A shows the two outcomes assessed in this study (cognitive and functionality levels). B A simplified model of the theory-driven approach using the multigroup structural equation modelling procedure. C The machine learning procedures used in the data-driven analyses. These analyses involve the implementation of a XGBoost procedure and progressive feature elimination procedure. DG, socio-demographic conditions; SDH, social determinants of health; CMF, cardiometabolic factors; MH, mental health factors; PF, physical functioning; LF, lifestyle factors