Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants in the SHFS and MDC-CC according to their vital status by end of study follow-up (mean ~ 17.8 years of follow-up in the SHFS, mean ~ 23.7 years of follow-up in the MDC-CC)
| Characteristics | SHFS | MDC-CC | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Living participants (n = 1,635) | All-cause death (n = 295) | P (vs. living participants) | CVD Death (n = 66) | P (vs. living participants) | Living participants (n = 2,098) | All-cause death (n = 1,845) | P (vs. living participants) | CVD Death (n = 566) | P (vs. living participants) | |
| Age (years) | 38.6 ± 13.2 | 50.2 ± 14.3 | < 2.0 × 10–16 | 53.0 ± 13.2 | 2.44 × 10–15 | 55.2 ± 5.4 | 60.5 ± 5.3 | < 2.0 × 10–16 | 61.3 ± 4.9 | < 2.0 × 10–16 |
| Female, n (%) | 1037 (63.4%) | 166 (56.3%) | 0.027 | 29 (43.9%) | 0.002 | 1346 (64.2%) | 973 (52.7%) | < 2.0 × 10–16 | 263 (46.5%) | < 2.0 × 10–16 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.7 ± 7.4 | 32.5 ± 8.1 | 0.09 | 31.2 ± 7.2 | 0.584 | 25.3 ± 3.7 | 26.0 ± 4.0 | < 2.0 × 10–16 | 26.5 ± 4.3 | < 2.0 × 10–16 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 653 (39.9%) | 112 (38.0%) | 0.51 | 26 (39.4%) | 0.931 | 374 (17.8%) | 519 (28.1%) | < 2.0 × 10–16 | 147 (26.0%) | < 2.0 × 10–16 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 431 (26.4%) | 138 (46.8%) | 6.81 × 10–12 | 37 (56.1%) | 7.54 × 10–7 | 902 (43.0%) | 1171 (63.5%) | < 2.0 × 10–16 | 418 (73.9%) | < 2.0 × 10–16 |
| Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 249 (15.2%) | 107 (36.3%) | 1.33 × 10–15 | 34 (51.5%) | 4.34 × 10–11 | 117 (5.6%) | 248 (13.4%) | < 2.0 × 10–16 | 90 (15.9%) | < 2.0 × 10–16 |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 14 (0.9%) | 6 (2.0%) | 0.081 | 1 (1.5%) | 0.582 | 33 (1.6%) | 113 (6.1%) | < 2.0 × 10–16 | 61 (10.8%) | < 2.0 × 10–16 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 121.3 ± 15.0 | 128.5 ± 16.5 | 1.98 × 10–14 | 131.9 ± 17.0 | 8.57 × 10–9 | 137.7 ± 17.8 | 146.5 ± 19.3 | < 2.0 × 10–16 | 150.9 ± 20.1 | < 2.0 × 10–16 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 184.4 ± 33.8 | 189.3 ± 37.2 | 0.026 | 191.7 ± 38.9 | 0.103 | 235.6 ± 41.1 | 241.1 ± 42.0 | < 2.0 × 10–16 | 240.5 ± 40.6 | 0.012 |
| HDL-c (mg/dL) | 51.7 ± 14.3 | 53.0 ± 15.3 | 0.163 | 50.3 ± 12.9 | 0.387 | 55.4 ± 14.3 | 52.2 ± 14.2 | < 2.0 × 10–16 | 50.6 ± 13.7 | < 2.0 × 10–16 |
| LDL-c (mg/dL) | 101.5 ± 29.4 | 102.6 ± 32.6 | 0.597 | 102.3 ± 35.8 | 0.867 | 158.8 ± 37.3 | 164.1 ± 38.7 | < 2.0 × 10–16 | 164.7 ± 37.6 | 0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 160.7 ± 102.3 | 178.2 ± 167.0 | 0.008 | 195.2 ± 88.9 | 3.0 × 10–4 | 108.4 ± 52.3 | 124.5 ± 59.0 | < 2.0 × 10–16 | 127.7 ± 60.3 | < 2.0 × 10–16 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 105.5 ± 39.5 | 129.4 ± 66.1 | 2.03 × 10–12 | 149.2 ± 77.0 | 1.23 × 10–11 | 89.4 ± 13.8 | 97.6 ± 31.4 | < 2.0 × 10–16 | 99.5 ± 33.0 | < 2.0 × 10–16 |
Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and qualitative variables were expressed as n (%). P-values were obtained by generalized estimating equation (GEE) model in the SHFS to account for family relatedness and logistic regression in the MDC-CC. BMI Body mass index; HDL-c High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol