TABLE 3.

Summary of the PopPK models of vancomycin clearance in the (older) adult population.

Author (year)	Study sample	Sample size	Age (years)	Vancomycin clearance model	Vancomycin mean CL estimate (L/h)
					40 years a	80 years b	% Reduction
Sanchez et al. (2010)	Younger adult and older adult patient	141	55 ± 14.58	Cl (L/h) = 0.157 + 0.563 × Clcr	4.21	2.18	48.22
Tanaka et al. (2010)	Japanese patients with MRSA infection	164	74 (17–95)	Cl (L/h) = 0.875 × eGFRcys	6.3	3.15	50.00
Purwonugroho et al. (2012)	Thai adult patients	212	66.6 ± 18.4	Cl (L/h) = 0.044 × Clcr (mL/min)	5.28	2.64	50.00
He et al. (2014)	Chinese patients	260	76.8 ± 11.2	Cl (L/h) = (1.71 + 8.31 × (1− e −0.0113(L/h)×Clcr)) × 0.475(Age/72)	5.21	2.54	51.25
Dedkaew et al. (2015)	Critically ill patients in Thailand	138	65.7 ± 17.6	tv Cl (L/h) = 0.27 × Clcr 0.63	5.51	3.56	35.39
Ji et al. (2018)	Chinese adult patients	160	78 (42–95)	Cl (L/h) = 2.829 × (1 + 0.00842 × (Clcr−80))] × ($\frac{75}{\mathrm{Age}}$)0.08143 × e η1	3.98	2.34	41.2
Shen et al. (2018)	Chinese adult in‐house patients	380	61 (49–74)	Cl (L/h) = 3.87 × (Clcr /86)0.519 × e ηCL	4.60	3.21	30.22
Zhou et al. (2019)	Chinese older adult patients with pulmonary infections	70	78.3 ± 6.96	Cl (L/h) = 2.45 × (Clcr/56.28)0.542	3.69	2.54	31.16
Kovacevic et al. (2020)	Critically ill septic patients in Bosnia	73	56.9 ± 17.0	Cl (L/h) = 0.024 × Clcr + 1.93	4.81	3.37	29.94
Zhao et al. (2021)	Chinese patients with augmented renal clearance	209	66.0 ± 16.4	Cl (L/h) = $\frac{5.58\times {\mathrm{CG}}_i^{1.5}}{\left({93.8}^{1.5}+{\mathrm{CG}}_i^{1.5}\right)}$ × e η1	3.30	1.89	42.73
Garreau et al. (2021)	Critically ill patients in France	78	68.9 ± 12.3	CLi = 0.79 × $e^{{\left(\frac{\text{Clcr}i}{41.4}\right)}^{0.5}}$ × $e^{{\mathrm{\eta Cl}}_i}$ with ηCli ~ N (0, ωCL)	4.34	2.63	39.40

Note: Cockcroft‐Gault (CG) equation was predominantly used to model vancomycin clearance (seven studies). Equation used to model vancomycin clearance in one study (Tanaka et al.) was Hoek's formula and in three studies was not given (Sanchez et al., He et al., and Shen et al.).

Abbreviations: CL, clearance; Clcr, creatinine clearance; e^η, interindividual variations of CL. MRSA, methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus; PopPK, population pharmacokinetic.

^a Mean estimates of vancomycin clearance based on a typical patient that is 40 years old with an estimated creatinine clearance or glomerular filtration rate of 120 mL/min or 120 mL/min/1.73 m².

^b Mean estimates of vancomycin clearance based on a typical patient that is 80 years old with an estimated creatinine clearance or glomerular filtration rate of 60 mL/min or 60 mL/min/1.73 m².