Table 2.
3D culture
| MSCs source | 3days Formation method | EVs efficiency | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADSCs | Cellhesion VP | With the increase of EVs production, the expression levels of OCT4, NANOG and SSEA4 were significantly increased, and the wound healing ability was improved. | Kim et al.164 |
| BMSCs | spheroids | Increased EVs production and decreased expression of F-actin may provide a favorable environment for the synthesis and secretion of EVs. | Kim et al.165 |
| AMSCs | spheroids | With increased EVs production, hAMSC cells remain viable and pluripotent, promoting angiogenesis and immunosuppression. | Miceli et al.43 |
| UMSCs | hollow-fiber bioreactor | A 7.5-fold increase in EVs production and activation of transforming growth factor β1 and Smad2/3 signaling promote cartilage regeneration. | Yan et al.166 |
| DPSCs | ultra-low-attachment culture dish | Increased EVs production restores Th17/Treg balance through the miR-1246/Nfat5 axis | Zhang et al.45 |
| BMSCs | Vertical-Wheel bioreactor | Increased EVs production, significantly enhanced axon growth, elongation and complexity | Jalilian et al.39 |
| BMSCs | 3D aggregates | The expression of neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic miRNAs increased significantly with the increase of EVs production. | Yuan et al.167 |
Cellhesion VP, an insoluble fiber composed of chitin-based polysaccharides; ADSCs, adipose-derived stem cells; AMSCs, amniotic mesenchymal stem cells; NANOG, nanog homeobox; OCT4, octamer-binding transcription factor 4; SSEA4, stage specific embryonic antigen 4; UMSCs, umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells.