Table 2.
Logistic regression model for nutritional frailty of food groups according to the NOVA classification by quintiles (very low, low, mild, moderate, and high)
| Parameters* | Univariate model | Adjusted model 1 |
Adjusted model 2 |
Adjusted model 3 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | SE (OR) | 95% CI | OR | SE (OR) | 95% CI | OR | SE (OR) | 95% CI | OR | SE (OR) | 95% CI | |
| Unprocessed and minimally processed | ||||||||||||
| Very low (ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Low | 0.64 | 0.11 | 0.46 to 0.90 | 0.65 | 0.11 | 0.47 to 0.92 | 0.66 | 0.11 | 0.47 to 0.92 | 0.48 | 0.09 | 0.33 to 0.68 |
| Mild | 0.43 | 0.07 | 0.31 to 0.61 | 0.43 | 0.07 | 0.31 to 0.61 | 0.43 | 0.07 | 0.31 to 0.61 | 0.26 | 0.05 | 0.18 to 0.38 |
| Moderate | 0.26 | 0.05 | 0.18 to 0.37 | 0.27 | 0.05 | 0.19 to 0.38 | 0.27 | 0.05 | 0.19 to 0.38 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.08 to 0.19 |
| High | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.07 to 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.07 to 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.07 to 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 to 0.04 |
| Age | – | – | – | 1.01 | 0.01 | 0.99 to 1.03 | 1.01 | 0.01 | 0.99 to 1.03 | 1.01 | 0.01 | 0.99 to 1.03 |
| Sex (female) | – | – | – | 0.58 | 0.07 | 0.46 to 0.72 | 0.58 | 0.07 | 0.46 to 0.73 | 0.54 | 0.07 | 0.42 to 0.71 |
| Education | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.97 to 1.04 | 0.99 | 0.02 | 0.96 to 1.02 |
| IL-6 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.98 | 0.01 | 0.96 to 1.00 |
| TNF-α | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.03 | 0.02 | 0.99 to 1.06 |
| CRP | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.03 | 0.07 | 0.89 to 1.19 |
| Alcohol (yes)* | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.35 | 0.06 | 0.25 to 0.51 |
| Proteins/energy ratio | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.28e-07 | 8.60e-07 | 2.45e-13 to 0.07 |
| Energy intake (standardized) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2.03 | 0.19 | 1.70 to 2.43 |
| Multimorbidity | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.85 | 0.09 | 0.45 to 1.63 |
| Processed foods | ||||||||||||
| Very low (ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Low | 0.85 | 0.15 | 0.59 to 1.21 | 0.85 | 0.16 | 0.60 to 1.22 | 0.85 | 0.15 | 0.59 to 1.22 | 1.32 | 0.25 | 0.91 to 1.93 |
| Mild | 1.12 | 0.20 | 0.79 to 1.59 | 1.12 | 0.20 | 0.79 to 1.59 | 1.11 | 0.20 | 0.78 to 1.58 | 2.37 | 0.47 | 1.60 to 3.52 |
| Moderate | 1.53 | 0.27 | 1.08 to 2.15 | 1.47 | 0.26 | 1.04 to 2.07 | 1.46 | 0.26 | 1.03 to 2.06 | 4.56 | 1.00 | 2.96 to 7.03 |
| High | 3.37 | 0.59 | 2.38 to 4.76 | 3.23 | 0.58 | 2.28 to 4.59 | 3.22 | 0.58 | 2.27 to 4.58 | 26.79 | 7.94 | 14.99 to 47.89 |
| Age | – | – | – | 1.02 | 0.01 | 1.00 to 1.03 | 1.02 | 0.01 | 1.00 to 1.04 | 1.01 | 0.01 | 0.99 to 1.03 |
| Sex (female) | – | – | – | 0.68 | 0.08 | 0.55 to 0.86 | 0.69 | 0.08 | 0.55 to 0.87 | 0.54 | 0.07 | 0.42 to 0.69 |
| Education | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.01 | 0.01 | 0.98 to 1.04 | 0.99 | 0.02 | 0.97 to 1.03 |
| IL-6 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.99 | 0.10 | 0.97 to 1.00 |
| TNF-α | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.02 | 0.01 | 0.99 to 1.05 |
| CRP | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.99 | 0.07 | 0.86 to 1.13 |
| Alcohol (yes) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.79 | 0.13 | 0.56 to 1.10 |
| Proteins/energy ratio | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.0001 | 0.00001 | 5.86e-11 to 2.17 |
| Energy intake (standardized) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.35 | 0.04 | 0.28 to 0.43 |
| Multimorbidity | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.98 | 0.01 | 0.38 to 1.63 |
| Ultra-processed food | ||||||||||||
| Very low (Ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Low | 0.84 | 0.14 | 0.60 to 1.17 | 0.82 | 0.14 | 0.58 to 1.15 | 0.82 | 0.14 | 0.58 to 1.15 | 0.87 | 0.15 | 0.61 to 1.22 |
| Mild | 0.82 | 0.14 | 0.58 to 1.15 | 0.82 | 0.14 | 0.59 to 1.16 | 0.82 | 0.14 | 0.58 to 1.15 | 0.89 | 0.16 | 0.63 to 1.27 |
| Moderate | 0.92 | 0.16 | 0.65 to 1.28 | 0.89 | 0.15 | 0.63 to 1.25 | 0.89 | 0.15 | 0.63 to 1.25 | 0.97 | 0.18 | 0.68 to 1.39 |
| High | 1.07 | 0.18 | 0.76 to 1.49 | 1.06 | 0.18 | 0.75 to 1.48 | 1.06 | 0.18 | 0.76 to 1.49 | 1.26 | 0.25 | 0.86 to 1.85 |
| Age | – | – | – | 1.01 | 0.01 | 0.99 to 1.03 | 1.01 | 0.01 | 0.99 to 1.03 | 1.01 | 0.01 | 0.99 to 1.03 |
| Sex (female) | – | – | – | 0.61 | 0.07 | 0.49 to 0.76 | 0.62 | 0.07 | 0.50 to 0.77 | 0.54 | 0.06 | 0.42 to 1.03 |
| Education | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.01 | 0.01 | 0.98 to 1.04 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.97 to 1.03 |
| IL-6 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.99 | 0.01 | 0.97 to 1.00 |
| TNF-α | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.03 | 0.01 | 0.99 to 1.06 |
| CRP | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.99 | 0.06 | 0.88 to 1.13 |
| Alcohol (yes) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.69 | 0.11 | 0.51 to 0.94 |
| Proteins/energy ratio | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.001 | 0.001 | 2.11e-0.9 to 11.95 |
| Energy intake (standardized) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.88 | 0.06 | 0.77 to 1.01 |
| Multimorbidity | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.98 | 0.05 | 0.97 to 1.03 |
Adjusted model 1: corrected for age and gender. Adjusted model 2: corrected for age, gender, and education. Adjusted model 3: corrected for age, gender, education, inflammatory cytokines, alcohol intake (yes), protein/energy ratio, energy intake (standardized), and multimorbidity
OR, odds ratio; SE (OR), standard error of OR; 95% CI, 95% confidence intervals
*Alcohol consumption: yes if > 50 g/day or 18,250 g/year (males), and > 25 g/day or 9125 g/year (females)