Table 2.
Overall Homogeneous Association Between ACP Billing and Exposure to the Intervention Estimated using a Mixed-effects Model that Simultaneously Adjusted for Time, Patient Characteristics, and Hospital Characteristics. The Model Adjusted for the Variables Listed in the Table as well as Time (Month and day of Admission)
| Variable | Odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals | p value |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention | 0.96 (0.88–1.06) | 0.42 |
| Step of the trial | ||
| One | Referent | |
| Two | 1.05 (0.61–1.82) | 0.85 |
| Three | 0.97 (0.53–1.77) | 0.92 |
| Four | 1.11 (0.61–2.00) | 0.74 |
| Five | 1.11 (0.65–1.92) | 0.70 |
| Patient age | ||
| 65–74 years | Referent | |
| 75–84 years | 1.47 (1.39–1.55) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 85 years | 2.15 (2.02–2.29) | < 0.001 |
| Covid status | ||
| Covid positive | Referent | |
| Covid negative | 0.70 (0.66–0.76) | < 0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 0.87 |
| Heart failure | 1.12 (1.00–1.25) | 0.05 |
| Dementia | 1.02 (0.87–1.18) | 0.84 |
| COPD | 1.35 (1.25–1.47) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 1.09 (0.93–1.27) | 0.28 |
| Charlson score | ||
| Zero | Referent | |
| One | 0.95 (0.88–1.02) | 0.17 |
| Two | 1.18 (1.11–1.27) | < 0.001 |
| Three | 1.17 (1.07–1.29) | 0.001 |
| Four | 1.20 (1.05–1.36) | 0.008 |
| Five | 1.51 (1.31–1.74) | < 0.001 |
| Would you be surprised if the patient died in the next year | ||
| Yes | Referent | |
| No | 1.64 (1.56–1.73) | < 0.001 |
| Region | ||
| South | Referent | |
| Midwest | 0.62 (0.34–1.14) | 0.13 |
| West | 1.18 (0.55–2.51) | 0.68 |
| Practice size | 1.03 (1.00–1.07) | 0.07 |
| Proportion of hospitalizations with COVID | 0.75 (0.47–1.19) | 0.22 |
| ACP rate in Quarter 2 of 2020 (effect of a 10 percentage-point increase) | 1.41 (1.08–1.85) | 0.01 |
| Change in ACP rate between Q2 of 2019 and Q1 of 2020 | 1.55 (0.03–73.10) | 0.82 |