Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of eligible studies
| Author, year of publication | Study name | Country | Baseline year | Mean/median age, yrs | Male, % | Follow-up, yrs | Exposure | Assay | Fasting samples | No. of cases | No. of participants | Fracture outcomes | Adjustment factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmed, 2006 | Tromso | Norway | 1994–1995 | 47.0 | 47.3 | 6.0 | Serum HDL-C | NR | Non-fasting | 1227 | 26991 | Nonvertebral fractures | Age, DM, smoking and physical activity |
| Trimpou, 2011 | Gothenburg WHO MONICA Project | Sweden | 1985 | 44.6 | 47.0 | 20.0 | Plasma HDL-C | Enzymatic methods | Overnight fast | 143 | 1396 | Upper arm, wrist, ankle, leg, hip, pelvis, rib, vertebrae, and foot | Age, sex, time since baseline, BMI and cholesterol |
| Lee, 2014 | South Korean National Claim Registry | Korea | 2007–2011 | 57.1 | 100.0 | 3.0 | Serum HDL-C | Enzymatic colorimetric | 12 h fast | 158 | 16078 | Fractures at osteoporosis-related sites | Age, smoking and drinking habits, physical exercise, dairy product consumption, history of stroke, use of drugs that can affect bone metabolism, including bisphosphonates, vitamin D, thyroid hormone, or glucocorticoids, during study periods, and the presence of baseline radiological vertebral fractures |
| Chang, 2016 | SWAN | USA | 1995–1997 | 46.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 | Plasma HDL-C | Enzymatic methods | 12 h fast | 147 | 2062 | Foot, ankle, wrist, ribs, and legs | Age, race/ethnicity, study site, menopausal stage, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, DM, BMI, and lumbar spine BMD |
| Barzilay, 2022 | CHS | USA | 1989–1990 | 73.0 | 42.5 | 13.5 | Plasma HDL-C | Enzymatic methods | NR | 952 | 5832 | Hip | Age, gender, race, smoking, alcohol, HTN, estimated GFR, DM, energy expended per week, frailty, CRP, ADLs, iADLs, weight, height, and prevalent CVD |
| Tohidi, 2022 | TLGS | Iran | 1999–2001/2002–2005 | 60.3 | 48.3 | 18.0 | Plasma HDL-C | Enzymatic colorimetric method | 12–14 h | 201 | 3309 | Any fracture | Age, BMI, smoking, T2D, hypertension, and lipid-lowering medication |
| Hussain, 2023 | ASPREE | Australia and USA | 2010–2014 | 75.0 | 45.0 | 4.0 | Plasma HDL-C | NR | NR | 1659 | 16262 | Vertebral, hip or nonhip, nonvertebral | Age, sex, physical activity, alcohol use, prefrailty/frailty status, education, body mass index, smoking status, aspirin use, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, use of lipid-lowering medication, and use of antiosteoporosis medications |
| Current study | KIHD | Finland | 1984–1989 | 53.0 | 100.0 | 25.7 | Plasma HDL-C | Enzymatic methods | Overnight fast | 134 | 2448 | Hip, humeral, or wrist fractures | Age, SBP, history of hypertension, history of CHD, smoking, history of DM, SES, physical activity, alcohol consumption and circulating calcium |
ADL activities of daily living; BMD bone mineral density; BMI body mass index; CHD coronary heart disease; CRP C-reactive protein; CVD cardiovascular disease; DM diabetes mellitus; GFR glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HTN hypertension; NR not reported; SBP systolic blood pressure; SES socioeconomic status; T2D type 2 diabetes
Study abbreviations: ASPREE Aspirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly’; CHS Cardiovascular Health Study; KIHD Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease; SWAN Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation; TLGS Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study