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. 2023 Nov 15;14:7391. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-43137-x

Table 3.

Fossil-based hydrogen production main model input parameters

Input Parameters Next Decade Value Units Source
CO2 Capture Percent

0% [SMR]

56% [SMR-CCS (1)]

96% [SMR-CCS (2)]

95% [ATR-CCS (3)]

% 22
Electricity Use

0.65 [SMR]

1.5 [SMR-CCS (1)]

2.04 [SMR-CCS (2)]

4 [ATR-CCS (3)]

kWhe/kg H2 capacity 22
Natural Gas Use

3.53 [SMR]

3.58 [SMR-CCS (1)]

3.75 [SMR-CCS (2)]

3.52 [ATR-CCS (3)]

kg CH4/kg H2 capacity 22
Capital Costs

549 [SMR]

734 [SMR-CCS (1)]

1336 [SMR-CCS (2)]

1056 [ATR-CCS (3)]

$/kW H2 capacity 22
WACC (Discount Rate) 5% % 22
Natural Gas Cost

$6.50 [CA]

$5.00 [NY]

$4.00 [TX]

$/MMBTU CH4 46
Emissions Removal Cost 200 $/metric ton CO2e removed 19

(1) Refers to an SMR with process CO2 capture. (2) Refers to an SMR with process and flue gas CO2 capture. (3) Refers to an ATR with process CO2 capture. We assume all costs are in 2020 dollars. See the SI, Section 4 for all input parameter values. SMR refers to steam methane reforming. CCS refers to carbon capture and storage. ATR refers to auto-thermal reforming. WACC refers to weighted average cost of capital.