TABLE 1.
Group demographics and clinical status.
| NC | ET | PD | p‐Values | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PD‐WT | PD‐RT | NC vs ET | NC vs PD | ET vs PD | PD‐WT vs PD‐RT | |||
| Number (n) | 41 | 40 | 28 | 29 | – | – | – | – |
| Sex (male/female) | 17/24 | 12/28 | 18/10 | 18/11 | 0.36 | 0.04 | <0.01 | 1.00 |
| Age (years) | 60.81 ± 6.14 | 58.76 ± 8.31 | 59.40 ± 7.12 | 59.46 ± 8.08 | 0.22 | 0.37 | 0.65 | 0.96 |
| Education (years) | 10.59 ± 4.17 | 8.95 ± 3.51 | 8.11 ± 4.81 | 7.79 ± 3.93 | 0.06 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.79 |
| MMSE scores | 28.46 ± 1.73 | 28.18 ± 2.16 | 27.18 ± 2.04 | 26.79 ± 2.76 | 0.55 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.56 |
| TIV (cm3) | 1470.39 ± 116.10 | 1438.89 ± 129.85 | 1487.84 ± 142.00 | 1523.60 ± 131.33 | 0.59 | 0.14 | 0.42 | 0.91 |
| Disease duration (years) | – | 12.53 ± 8.13 | 3.27 ± 2.19 | 4.94 ± 3.62 | – | – | <0.01 | 0.27 |
| Hoehn–Yahr stage | – | – | 1.98 ± 0.55 | 1.98 ± 0.57 | – | – | – | 1.00 |
| UPDRS‐III scores | – | 4.68 ± 2.45 | 17.18 ± 8.91 | 23.21 ± 11.35 | – | – | – | 0.03 |
| Rest tremor scores | – | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 2.79 ± 0.86 | – | – | – | – |
| Action tremor scores | – | 2.25 ± 0.90 | 1.21 ± 0.96 | 1.38 ± 1.05 | – | – | – | 0.54 |
| AR scores | – | 1.30 ± 1.51 | 12.61 ± 7.16 | 13.72 ± 8.58 | – | – | – | 0.60 |
| PIGD scores | – | 0.05 ± 0.22 | 2.25 ± 1.67 | 2.76 ± 2.03 | – | – | – | 0.31 |
| TETRAS‐2 scores | – | 14.26 ± 8.23 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| TETRAS upper limbs scores | – | 5.66 ± 3.35 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Note: p < 0.05 is considered statistically significant and indicated in bold. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.
Abbreviations: AR, akinetic/rigid; ET, essential tremor; MMSE, the Mini‐Mental State Examination; NC, normal controls; PD‐RT, Parkinson's disease with rest tremor; PD‐WT, Parkinson's disease without rest tremor; PIGD, postural instability/gait disorder; TETRAS, the Essential Tremor Rating Scale; UPDRS, the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale.