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. 2023 Nov 15;13:19932. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-47130-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of live virus neutralizing antibody titers and T cell response between patients who had prior infection and those without prior infection. T cell response was determined by interferon gamma release assay. Dotted horizontal lines represent the lower limit of detection. P values were shown if < 0.05. NT₅₀, 50% neutralization titer.