Table 2.
Demographics (N = 109).
| Mean (sd) | Group comparison | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PP | MC | Statistic | p | |
| Age | 69.28 (3.28) | 69.51 (3.96) | t = 0.33 | 0.74 |
| Males/females | 25/31 | 24/29 | χ2 = 0.005 | 0.95 |
| Education | 3.91 (1.38) | 3.85 (1.41) | χ2 = 2.77 | 0.74 |
| COGTEL score | 31.44 (6.87) | 32.46 (7.39) | t = 0.74 | 0.46 |
| Gold-MSI score | 49.68 (12.33) | 49.77 (11.62) | t = 0.41 | 0.97 |
Group comparisons did not reveal any significant differences between both groups in age, gender, education level and COGTEL score. Group differences were calculated using a two-sample independent t test for age and COGTEL score, and a chi-squared test for gender and education. Education is a categorical variable with 6 levels (1 = primary school, 2 = middle school, 3 = high school, 4 = Bachelor’s degree, 5 = Master’s degree, 6 = doctorate degree).
COGTEL cognitive telephone screening instrument, Gold-MSI goldsmiths musical sophistication index, PP piano practice group, MC music listening/musical culture group, sd standard deviation.