Table 3.
Summary of significant effects after 12 months of interventions.
| Contrast | Post-hoc tests | k | Peak MNI coordinates | T | AAL3 cluster regions (amount of cluster voxels in region) | Baseline connectivity | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MC | PP | x | y | z | Mean (sd) | ||||
| Seed: right Heschl’s gyrus (HG) | |||||||||
| MC > PP | = | ↓ | 279 | 0 | − 42 | 42 | 4.68 | L midcingulate cortex (dPCC, 40%)*, R midcingulate cortex (dPCC, 38%), R precuneus (12%) | − 0.072 (0.11) |
| PP > MC | = | ↑ | 594 | − 22 | − 68 | 28 | 5.59 | L superior parietal lobule (51%), L superior occipital gyrus (19%)*, L inferior parietal lobule (13%), L middle occipital gyrus (6%) | − 0.078 (0.11) |
| = | ↑ | 288 | 30 | − 2 | 52 | 4.88 | R precentral gyrus (35%), R superior frontal gyrus (dPMC, 35%), R middle frontal gyrus (vPMC, 10%)* | 0.084 (0.12) | |
| = | ↑ | 360 | 38 | − 32 | 38 | 4.35 | R superior parietal lobule (40%), R postcentral gyrus (22%), R inferior parietal lobule (17%), R supramarginal gyrus (8%)* | 0.062 (0.14) | |
| Seed: right motor hand area (M1H) | |||||||||
| PP > MC | = | ↑ | 2880 | − 8 | − 5 | 65 | 5.31 | R postcentral gyrus (25%), R precentral gyrus (14%), R superior frontal gyrus (dPMC, 10%), R SMA (10%), L SMA (9%)*, R superior parietal lobule (9%), R supramarginal gyrus (5%), L precentral gyrus (3%), L superior frontal gyrus (dPMC, 3%) | 0.515 (0.16) |
| Seed: left hippocampal formation (HPF) | |||||||||
| PP > MC | ↓ | ↑ | 208 | − 45 | − 10 | 52 | 5.32 | L precentral gyrus (59%), L postcentral gyrus (31%)* | − 0.102 (0.10) |
| Seed: right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) | |||||||||
| PP+ + MC+ | ↑ | ↑ | 310 | − 40 | − 72 | 42 | 4.46 | L angular gyrus (57%)*, L inferior parietal lobule (10%) | − 0.201 (0.23) |
Significant clusters were identified using the automated anatomical labelling 3 atlas (AAL3)64. Only identified regions that included more than 25 voxels are mentioned. Peak activations are marked with an asterisk (*).
k number of voxels in the significant cluster, MC music listening/musical culture group, PP piano practice group, dPCC dorsal posterior cingulate cortex, dPMC dorsal premotor cortex, vPMC ventral premotor cortex, SMA supplementary motor area, L left, R right.
↓ significant FC decrease over time, ↑ significant FC increase over time, = no significant change over time.