Table 2.
Summary of cross-sectional studies in Other Asia.
| Ref. No. | Study Country Year Sample Size | Parameters for Evaluated for the Diagnosis of COPD | Parameters for Evaluated for the Diagnosis of Periodontitis | Main Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [26] | Khijmatgar et al. India 2021 n = 212 | clinical diagnosis | DMFT, SiC, CPITN, and OHI-S. Candida | The prevalence of Candida was notably elevated in the COPD patient cohort; within the realm of COPD patients, those under theophylline treatment exhibited a higher incidence of Candida colonization. |
| [27] | Parashar et al. India 2018 n = 98 | clinical diagnosis | PI, GI, AL, PPD, CPI | The results pertaining to the PI, and GI exhibited a marked elevation among patients in the test diseases group when compared to the control group. |
| [28] | Vadiraj et al. India 2013 n = 100 | Sputum | CAL, BOP | Improve oral health status may prove to lower the severity of lung infection in susceptible populations. |
| [29] | Sharma et al. India 2011 n = 200 | SES | PI, OHI, GI, PPD, CAL | Patients with respiratory conditions exhibited inferior OHI and PI scores, along with notably elevated GI, PPD, and CAL values compared to the control group. |
| [30] | Moeintaghavi et al. Iran 2018 n = 50 | FEV1/FVC ratio, CAT, MMRC, SpO2 | PPD GI PI AL | The relationship between periodontal variables and respiratory indices in the course of COPD, early treatment of periodontal diseases, might considerably reduce the severity of COPD. |
| [31] | Javaheri et al. Iran 2020 n = 71 | CAT | PPD, BOP, AL | Periodontal problems are positively associated with COPD severity as determined by GOLD criteria and negatively associated with quality of life of patients with COPD. |
| [32] | Bomble et al. India 2020 n = 117 | Spirometer | PPD, CAL, OHI | The mean scores for PPD, CAL, and OHI were higher in the COPD group compared to the non-COPD group; furthermore, the COPD group exhibited a higher proportion of smokers in comparison to the non-COPD group. |
| [41] | Kedlaya et al. India 2021 n = 80 | Serum cotinine level, smoking history | GI, CAL | Increased smoking with COPD causes a higher chance of progression of periodontal destruction but it is not statistically significant. |
| [42] | Rastogi et al. India 2019 n = 700 | clinical diagnosis | PDI, PIRI | A survey of patients with various pulmonary diseases (TB, COPD, pneumonia) led to the diagnosis of periodontitis in the majority of the study cohort, with a significant proportion being classified in the high-risk category by their PIRI scores. |
| [43] | Raj et al. India 2018 n = 340 | clinical diagnosis | DMFT, OHI, PDI, Candida | The need for regular oral health maintenance for those under COPD treatment and for greater research into the possible protective role of inhaled corticosteroids in limiting periodontal disease among patients. |
| [44] | Bhavsar et al. India 2015 n = 200 | clinical diagnosis | PI, OHI, PPD, CALs CRP level | The frequency of brushing was notably reduced in COPD patients as compared to the control group. Additionally, the GI, PI, OHI-S, PPD, and CAL exhibited elevated levels in the COPD group. |
| [45] | Peter et al. India 2013 n = 501 | FEV1 | PI, OHI, GI, PPD CAL, | A marked elevation in CAL, PD, and OHI was observed in the patients with respiratory in comparison to the control group, revealing a trend towards augmented severity of pulmonary obstruction as these periodontal parameters worsen. |