Table 6.
Summary of retrospective study.
| Ref. No. | Study Country Year Sample Size | Parameters for Evaluated for the Diagnosis of COPD | Parameters for Evaluated for the Diagnosis of Periodontitis | Main Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [83] | Scannapieco et al. America 2001 n = 13792 | FEV1/FVC ratio | Mean attachment loss (MAL), gingival bleeding, Dental health index | Patients with MAL ≥ 3.0 mm had a higher risk of COPD than those with MAL < 3.0 mm. |
| [84] | Hyman et al. America 2004 n = 7625 | FEV1/FVC ratio | Loss of Attachment | Cigarette smoking may be a cofactor in the association between periodontal disease and COPD. |
| [85] | Katancik et al. America 2005 n = 860 | FEV1/FVC ratio | GI, PPD, Loss of Attachment | While this study cannot provide direct inference of cause and effect for COPD, it revealed a significant association between periodontal disease and airway obstruction, particularly in former smokers. |
| [86] | Chen et al. America 2022 n = 6313 | FEV1/FVC ratio | PPD, AL | After adjusting for relevant confounding factors, the hazard ratio (HR) for patients with periodontitis was 2.72 (95% CI: 1.04 – 7.11), while the number of teeth lost was not significantly associated with total respiratory disease or mortality. |
| [87] | Winning et al. Sweden 2020 n = 826 | FEV1/FVC ratio | radiographical assessment, missing teeth | Periodontitis was independently associated with airflow limitation. |
| [88] | Qian et al. China 2020 n = 1385 | respiratory disease mortality | alveolar bone loss | Mortality from respiratory diseases was significantly associated with periodontal disease after adjusting for relevant confounding factors. |
| [89] | Chung et al. South Korea 2016 n = 5878 | FEV1/FVC ratio | CPI, Questionnaire for oral hygiene | Periodontitis (CPI 3 or 4) was significantly associated in males with COPD and participants with more missing teeth had a significantly increased possibility of having COPD. |
| [90] | Lee et al. South Korea 2019 n = 4004 | FEV1/FVC ratio | CPI | The association between periodontitis and restrictive impairment or obstructive impairment was not significant. |
| [91] | Jung et al. South Korea 2020 n = 7719 | FEV1/FVC ratio | CPI | There was no statistically significant association between periodontal disease and COPD among former or non-smokers. |
| [92] | Vollmer et al. America 2022 n = 15868 | Pulmonary function tests | Database extraction attachment loss | Based upon AI-based analyses, high CAL appears to increase the risk of COPD, although causal relationships cannot be concluded. |