Table 1. Baseline Characteristics.
| Variable | Participants, No. (%) | P value | SDa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIE with seizures (n = 296) | HIE without seizures (n = 576) | |||
| Sex | 296 | 568 | ||
| Female | 122 (41.2) | 224 (39.4) | .11 | −0.02 |
| Male | 174 (58.8) | 344 (60.6) | 0.02 | |
| Delivery | 292 | 569 | ||
| Vaginal | 128 (43.8) | 265 (46.6) | .69 | 0.06 |
| Cesarean | 164 (56.2) | 304 (53.4) | −0.06 | |
| Birth weight, median (IQR), g | 3130 (2800-3435) | 3113 (2800-3459) | .82 | 0.003 |
| Gestational age, median (IQR), wk | 39 (38-40) | 39 (38-40) | .79 | 0.03 |
| APGAR score at 1 min, median (IQR) | 2 (1-3) | 2 (1-4) | <.0001 | −0.21 |
| APGAR score at 5 min, median (IQR) | 5 (3-6) | 5 (4-7) | <.0001 | −0.29 |
| APGAR score at 10 min, median (IQR) | 6 (4-7) | 7 (5-8) | .001 | −0.28 |
| pH | 143 | 312 | ||
| ≤7.00 | 59 (41.2) | 92 (29.6) | .006 | −0.28 |
| 7.01 to 7.15 | 33 (23.1) | 105 (33.6) | 0.21 | |
| >7.15 | 51 (35.7) | 115 (36.8) | 0.07 | |
| Base deficit, mmol/L | 133 | 303 | ||
| ≥16 | 72 (54.1) | 123 (40.6) | .005 | −0.29 |
| 10 to 15.9 | 40 (30.1) | 141 (46.5) | −0.32 | |
| <10 | 21 (15.8) | 39 (12.9) | −0.03 | |
| Modified Sarnat examination | 248 | 495 | ||
| Mild | 32 (12.9) | 27 (5.5) | <.0001 | −0.28 |
| Moderate | 127 (51.2) | 377 (76.2) | 0.55 | |
| Severe | 89 (35.9) | 91 (18.4) | −0.42 | |
Abbreviation: HIE, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.
a
Standardized differences (SDs), also known as Cohen d, are a measure of effect size that can be interpreted as follows: SD = 0.2 corresponds to a small difference; 0.5, a medium difference; 0.8, a large difference; <0.2, a trivial difference.