Table 2.
Hospital capacity to perform neonatal blood culture in ward and laboratory settings across Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, and Nigeria (n = 65 neonatal units)
| Kenya | Malawi | Nigeria | Tanzania | Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neonatal Units with NEST360 (n = 65) | 10 | 37 | 11 | 7 | 65 | |||||
| n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |
| Laboratory Readiness for Culture | ||||||||||
| Total hospitals with a laboratory | 10 | (100) | 37 | (100) | 11 | (100) | 7 | (100) | 65 | (100) |
| Laboratory service available 24/7 | 10 | (100) | 36 | (97) | 10 | (91) | 7 | (100) | 63 | (97) |
| Laboratory can do Gram staining | 10 | (100) | 33 | (89) | 9 | (82) | 6 | (86) | 58 | (89) |
| Laboratory can perform cultures on samples of blooda | 9 | (90) | 18 | (49) | 10 | (91) | 7 | (100) | 44 | (69) |
| Using Automated Methods | 3 | (33) | - | 2 | (20) | 4 | (57) | 9 | (21) | |
| Using Manual Methods | 2 | (22) | - | 5 | (50) | 1 | (14) | 8 | (18) | |
| Not Asked | 4 | (44) | 18 | (100) | 3 | (30) | 3 | (43) | 28 | (64) |
| Laboratory can perform AST on samples of blooda | 7 | (70) | 3 | (10) | 8 | (73) | 5 | (71) | 23 | (4) |
| Commodities | ||||||||||
| Microscope | 10 | (100) | 37 | (100) | 4 | (36) | 7 | (100) | 58 | (89) |
| Blood culture bottle (paediatric)b | 3 | (38) | 2 | (7) | 9 | (82) | 5 | (71) | 19 | (35) |
| Blood culture bottle (adult)b | 3 | (38) | 1 | (3) | 8 | (73) | 5 | (71) | 17 | (31) |
| Petri dishes | 9 | (90) | 18 | (49) | 9 | (82) | 7 | (100) | 43 | (66) |
| Culture mediab | 7 | (88) | 10 | (35) | 9 | (82) | 7 | (100) | 30 | (55) |
| Sterile picks and loopsb | 7 | (88) | 17 | (59) | 9 | (82) | 7 | (100) | 40 | (73) |
| Protocols | ||||||||||
| Protocol for reporting culture results back to neonatal unitb,c | 1 | (11) | 3 | (17) | 7 | (70) | 5 | (71) | 16 | (36) |
| Neonatal Unit Readiness for Culture | ||||||||||
| Human Resources | ||||||||||
| Nurse:newborn ratio (day of HFA visit) | 1:6 | 1:11 | 1:11 | 1:2 | 1:7 | |||||
| Nurse:newborn ratio (night before HFA visit) | 1:12 | 1:19 | 1:15 | 1:4 | 1:12 | |||||
| Commodities | ||||||||||
| Antiseptics | 10 | (100) | 33 | (89) | 7 | (64) | 7 | (100) | 57 | (88) |
| Glovesb | 8 | (100) | 29 | (100) | 6 | (55) | 5 | (71) | 48 | (87) |
| Gauze | 9 | (90) | 36 | (97) | 7 | (64) | 7 | (100) | 59 | (91) |
| Sterile needles or butterfly set | 9 | (90) | 20 | (54) | 6 | (55) | 2 | (29) | 59 | (91) |
| Sterile syringe (any size) | 10 | (100) | 34 | (92) | 7 | (64) | 7 | (100) | 58 | (89) |
| Protocols | ||||||||||
| Protocol for early diagnosis and management of neonatal infectionb | 8 | (100) | 18 | (62) | 7 | (64) | 7 | (100) | 40 | (73) |
| Protocol for receiving results from lab & adding to patient filesb | 1 | (13) | 11 | (38) | 10 | (91) | 5 | (71) | 27 | (49) |
| General Facility Requirements | ||||||||||
| Electrical Power Access | ||||||||||
| Connected to central electricity grid | 10 | (100) | 37 | (100) | 8 | (73) | 6 | (86) | 61 | (94) |
| Backup power cover for neonatal unit (i.e., generator, solar, battery inverter) | 10 | (100) | 34 | (92) | 9 | (82) | 7 | (100) | 60 | (92) |
| Water Access | ||||||||||
| Borehole (electric) | 2 | (20) | 7 | (19) | 5 | (46) | 2 | (29) | 16 | (25) |
| Piped from municipality | 8 | (80) | 28 | (76) | 5 | (46) | 4 | (57) | 45 | (69) |
| Other | 0 | (0) | 2 | (5) | 1 | (9) | 1 | (14) | 4 | (6) |
aQuestion not asked at eight hospitals in Malawi
bQuestion not asked at eight hospitals in Malawi and two hospitals in Kenya
cOnly asked if hospital reported ability to perform cultures on blood samples
"-" = Not applicable
Note: Definitions of each row variable are provided in Additional file 3
Abbreviations: 24/7 24 hours a day, seven days a week, AST Antimicrobial sensitivity testing, HFA Health Facility Assessment