Table 2.
Virulence gene profiles in S. aureus isolates recovered from DFUs and Healthy skin (n = 32)
| ST1-t127 (n = 2) n(%) | ST241-t037 (n = 5) n(%) | ST291-t937 (n = 1) n(%) | ST672-t3841 (n = 3) n(%) | ST80-t044/t1247/t639 (n = 16) n(%) | ST97-t9432 (n = 1) n(%) | STNF-t037 (n = 4) n(%) | Total (n = 32) n(%) | §p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adhesion | |||||||||
| clfA | 2(100) | 5(100) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 12(37.5) | < 0.001 |
| clfB | 2(100) | 5(100) | 0(0) | 3(100) | 0(0) | 1(100) | 2(50) | 13(40.6) | < 0.001 |
| ebp | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| fnbA | 2(100) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 2(6.3) | < 0.001 |
| fnbB | 2(100) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(6.3) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 3(9.4) | 0.002 |
| map | 0(0) | 5(100) | 0(0) | 3(100) | 15(93.8) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 28(87.5) | 0.001 |
| capA | 1(50) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(33.3) | 3(18.8) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 6(18.8) | 0.214 |
| cap8A | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| cap8B | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| cap8C | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| cap8D | 0(0) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 30(93.8) | < 0.001 |
| cap8E | 0(0) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 30(93.8) | < 0.001 |
| cap8F | 0(0) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 30(93.8) | < 0.001 |
| cap8G | 0(0) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 30(93.8) | < 0.001 |
| cap8H | 0(0) | 5(100) | 0(0) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 0(0) | 4(100) | 28(87.5) | < 0.001 |
| cap8I | 2(100) | 5(100) | 0(0) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 0(0) | 4(100) | 30(93.8) | < 0.001 |
| cap8J | 2(100) | 5(100) | 0(0) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 0(0) | 4(100) | 30(93.8) | < 0.001 |
| cap8K | 2(100) | 5(100) | 0(0) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 0(0) | 4(100) | 30(93.8) | < 0.001 |
| cap8L | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| cap8M | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| cap8N | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| cap8O | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| cap8P | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| capN | 1(50) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(33.3) | 3(18.8) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 6(18.8) | 0.214 |
| srtB | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 15(93.8) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 31(96.9) | 0.984 |
| sdrC | 2(100) | 5(100) | 0(0) | 1(33.3) | 12(75) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 25(78.1) | 0.104 |
| sdrD | 2(100) | 5(100) | 0(0) | 3(100) | 15(93.8) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 30(93.8) | 0.014 |
| sdrE | 1(50) | 3(60) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 15(93.8) | 1(100) | 3(75) | 23(71.9) | 0.018 |
| icaA/B/C/D/R | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| isdA | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| isdB | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| isdC | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| isdD | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 15(93.8) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 31(96.9) | 0.984 |
| isdE | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| isdF | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| isdG | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| isdI | 1(50) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(33.3) | 3(18.8) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 6(18.8) | 0.214 |
| harA | 1(50) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(33.3) | 3(18.8) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 6(18.8) | 0.214 |
| Toxins | |||||||||
| Haemolysins | |||||||||
| hly/hla | 2(100) | 0(0) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 23(71.9) | < 0.001 |
| hlb | 1(50) | 0(0) | 1(100) | 1(33.3) | 5(31.3) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 9(28.1) | 0.161 |
| hld | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| hlgA/B/C | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| Enterotoxins and Enterotoxin-like | |||||||||
| sea | 2(100) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 4(100) | 6(18.8) | < 0.001 |
| seb | 2(100) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 3(9.4) | < 0.001 |
| seh | 2(100) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 2(6.3) | < 0.001 |
| egc cluster* | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 3(100) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 3(9.4) | < 0.001 |
| sek | 2(100) | 5(100) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 4(100) | 11(34.4) | < 0.001 |
| seq | 2(100) | 5(100) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 4(100) | 11(34.4) | < 0.001 |
| selk | 2(100) | 5(100) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 4(100) | 11(34.4) | < 0.001 |
| selq | 2(100) | 5(100) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 4(100) | 11(34.4) | < 0.001 |
| Staphylococcal exotoxin-like | |||||||||
| set16 | 1(50) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(33.3) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 2(6.3) | 0.060 |
| set17 | 1(50) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(33.3) | 3(18.8) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 6(18.8) | 0.214 |
| set18 | 1(50) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(33.3) | 3(18.8) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 6(18.8) | 0.214 |
| set19 | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(33.3) | 0(0) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 2(6.3) | 0.002 |
| set20 | 1(50) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(33.3) | 3(18.8) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 6(18.8) | 0.214 |
| set21 | 1(50) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(3.1) | 0.017 |
| set22 | 1(50) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(33.3) | 3(18.8) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 6(18.8) | 0.214 |
| set23 | 1(50) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(33.3) | 3(18.8) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 6(18.8) | 0.214 |
| set24 | 1(50) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(33.3) | 3(18.8) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 6(18.8) | 0.214 |
| set25 | 1(50) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(33.3) | 3(18.8) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 6(18.8) | 0.214 |
| set26 | 1(50) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(3.1) | 0.017 |
| Other toxins | |||||||||
| edinB | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 16(100) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 17(53.1) | < 0.001 |
| lukS-PV/lukF-PV | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 16(100) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 16(50) | < 0.001 |
| lukD/E | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| Type VII secretion system | |||||||||
| esaA | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| esaB | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| esaD | 2(100) | 0(0) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 23(71.9) | < 0.001 |
| esaE | 2(100) | 0(0) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 23(71.9) | < 0.001 |
| esaG | 1(50) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(33.3) | 3(18.8) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 6(18.8) | 0.214 |
| esaG1 | 1(50) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 4(100) | 11(34.4) | < 0.001 |
| esaG2 | 1(50) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 2(66.7) | 13(81.3) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 16(50) | 0.007 |
| esaG3 | 1(50) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 2(66.7) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 3(9.4) | 0.006 |
| esaG4 | 1(50) | 5(100) | 0(0) | 2(66.7) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 4(100) | 12(37.5) | < 0.001 |
| esaG5 | 1(50) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(3.1) | 0.017 |
| esaG6 | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(100) | 2(66.7) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 3(9.4) | < 0.001 |
| esaG7 | 1(50) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 2(66.7) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 3(9.4) | 0.006 |
| esaG8 | 1(50) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(3.1) | 0.017 |
| esaG9 | 1(50) | 5(100) | 0(0) | 2(66.7) | 13(81.3) | 0(0) | 4(100) | 25(78.1) | 0.091 |
| essA | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| essB | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| essC | 2(100) | 0(0) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 23(71.9) | < 0.001 |
| esxA | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| esxB | 2(100) | 0(0) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 23(71.9) | < 0.001 |
| esxC | 2(100) | 0(0) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 23(71.9) | < 0.001 |
| esxD | 2(100) | 0(0) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 23(71.9) | < 0.001 |
| Degrading enzyme | |||||||||
| Lipases | |||||||||
| geh | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| lip | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| Proteases | |||||||||
| sspA | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| sspB | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 28(87.5) | < 0.001 |
| sspC | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| splA | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 29(90.6) | < 0.001 |
| splB | 2(100) | 5(100) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 28(87.5) | < 0.001 |
| splE | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 13(40.6) | < 0.001 |
| Hyaluronidases | |||||||||
| hysA | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 16(100) | 0(0) | 4(100) | 28(87.5) | < 0.001 |
| Coagulases | |||||||||
| coa | 2(100) | 0(0) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 3(9.4) | < 0.001 |
| vWbp | 2(100) | 5(100) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 4(100) | 11(34.4) | < 0.001 |
| Other enzymes | |||||||||
| aur | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| Immune evasion | |||||||||
| adsA | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
| chp | 0(0) | 5(100) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | 5(15.6) | < 0.001 |
| sak | 2(100) | 5(100) | 0(0) | 3(100) | 14(87.5) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 29(90.6) | 0.077 |
| scn | 2(100) | 5(100) | 0(0) | 3(100) | 14(87.5) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 29(90.6) | 0.077 |
| spa | 2(100) | 0(0) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 0(0) | 23(71.9) | < 0.001 |
| sbi | 2(100) | 5(100) | 1(100) | 3(100) | 16(100) | 1(100) | 4(100) | 32(100) | N |
§ Chi-squared test was used to calculate p-values for describing the association of each gene and STs, p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant
*egc cluster corresponds to seg, sei, sem, sen, seo and seu genes
Values are numbers and percentages in brackets