Figure 8.

BAM framework applied in studies in the systematic review of ecological niche modeling applied to vector-borne and zoonotic infectious disease emergence. In all of the studies included in the systematic review, most examined abiotic factors (e.g., physical environment) and mobility factors (e.g., barriers to species’ dispersal ability). Fewer studies included biotic conditions (e.g., vegetation and land cover) and interactions (e.g., host species density), as well as included all (biotic, abiotic, mobility) factors consistent with the BAM framework. The BAM framework was mostly applied to mosquitoes followed by sandflies and livestock as vectors or reservoirs, and Malaria, Leishmaniasis, West Nile virus, and Dengue as diseases. Other vectors/reservoirs included midge, mite, rodent, puma, tape worm, water bug, and horses, while the other diseases included Zika virus, Chikungunya, Alveolar echinococcosis, Brucellosis, Hantavirus, Hendra virus, Mycetoma, Nipah virus, Piroplasmosis, Puumala virus, Pythiosis, Rabies, Thrombocytopenia, and African horse sickness.