Table 1.

The involvement of NETs in the development of NAFLD.

Year	Immune responses		Phenotype	Study model
	Innate	Adaptive
2018 (32)	Neutrophils infiltration ↑ Macrophage infiltration ↑	N/A	• MPO ↑ • H3Cit ↑ • Tumor formation ↑	STAM mouse model
2019 (52)	Neutrophils infiltration ↑	• CD4+ T cells ↓ • CD8+ T cells ↓ • T cell exhaustion ↑	• H3Cit-DNA ↑ • Tumor formation ↑	STAM mouse model
2020 (53)	Neutrophils infiltration ↑	N/A	• MPO ↑ • H3Cit ↑ • S1P ↑ • NETosis ↑ • Neutrophil spontaneous apoptosis ↓ • Liver fibrosis ↑	MCD-HFD mouse model
2021 (33)	Neutrophils infiltration ↑ Macrophage infiltration ↑ DC ↑	• CD4+ T cells ↓ • Treg ↑ • B cells ↑	• H3Cit ↑ • OXPHOS ↑ • Tumor formation ↑	STAM and WD mouse models
2021 (54)	N/A	N/A	• MPO ↑ • H3Cit ↑ • TAT ↑	HCC and cirrhosis patients
2022 (55)	N/A	N/A	• MPO ↑ • H3Cit ↑ • NE ↑ • TAT ↑	Liver cirrhosis patients with PVT
2022 (56)	N/A	N/A	• TAT ↑ • CT ↓ • Coagulation ↓ • Thrombin and fibrin formation ↑	NASH patients
2022 (57)	N/A	N/A	• MPO ↑ • H3Cit ↑ • NE ↑ • Platelet ↑ • NETs/IL-1β/IL-17A colocalization ↑	NASH and hepatitis patients
2023 (58)	Neutrophil infiltration ↑ Macrophage infiltration ↑	• CD4+ T cells ↓ • CD8+ T cells ↑	• MPO ↑ • H3Cit ↑ • NE ↑	MCD-HFD and HFHC-NASH mouse models

N/A, data not available; MPO-DNA, myeloperoxidase associated DNA; H3Cit-DNA, histone H3 associated DNA; S1P, sphingosine 1-phosphate; MCDHF, methionine/choline deficient diet-high fat diet; DC, dendritic cells; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; WD, western diet; STAM, stelic animal model, HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; NE, neutrophil elastase; CT, coagulation time; TAT, thrombin-antithrombin; PVT, portal vein thrombosis; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; HFHC, high fat and high cholesterol diet.