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. 2023 Nov 2;14:1280299. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1280299

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Copyright © 2023 Jiang, Han, Liu, Xue, Cheng, Xiao and Gong

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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In silico analysis of cytokines and B-cell immune responses induced by the PP13138R vaccine using C-ImmSim. To analyze the cytokine responses and B-cell immune response induced by the PP13138R vaccine, an in silico analysis was conducted using C-ImmSim. Dynamic changes in cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-4, TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6, IFN-β, IL-18, and IL-23 were assessed after three immunizations with the PP13138R vaccine (A). Additionally, the PP13138R vaccine was used to evaluate its potential to induce different types of B cell populations (B), B-cell populations per state (C), plasma B-lymphocyte populations per state (D), and immunoglobulins and immune complexes (E) after three simulated immunizations in C-ImmSim.