Fig. 3 |. Representative hemodynamic studies on healthy individuals.

a, Short-term interleaved pressor tests, cycling through Valsalva maneuver, cold pressor test and breath holding. A consistent rise in MW delay signal during ice bath exposure precedes a complementary rise in BP, indicating that MW delay is measuring a driving force inducing BP change. Conversely, alignment of MW delay increase with BP in Valsalva phases II/III and breath holds indicates measurement of the reverse scenario—a compensatory, sympathetic vasoactive response to stimulus. b, A 20-min heat exposure challenge via personal sauna. BP drops from baseline associated with a rise in HR, suggesting vasodilative hypotension. Note the loss of Finapres data during sauna entry, necessary due to disconnection of the wired system to pass the hand through a hole, while the wireless sensors experience no such limitation. Contrary to theory, PAT drops during this period, especially after profuse perspiration begins. MW delay exhibits a small drop during heat exposure, which is partially reversed upon exiting the chamber. c, A 20-min exercise bike session, showing drastic change in PAT mirroring the HR which returns to baseline. MW delay begins to drop only after the patient begins vasodilating, which occurs at the peak BP a few minutes after exercise starts. The delay remains low after exercise is complete and BP is still low despite the PAT return to baseline levels.