Table 1.
Descriptive Characteristics of Sample (N = 258)
| Variables | Mean ± SD or % | Range |
|---|---|---|
| Ethnicity/race Non-Hispanic White Black Latino Asian Native American or Native Hawaiian |
23.3 3.9 29.1 42.6 1.2 |
— — — — — |
| Foreign born | 64.0 | — |
| Age, years | 55.71 ± 11.55 | 22–83 |
| Female sex | 57.8 | — |
| High school or greater education | 93.4 | — |
| Married or with a significant other | 62.0 | — |
| Income met family need | 76.3 | — |
| With health insurance | 89.8 | — |
| With dental insurance | 64.2 | — |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 11.04 ± 9.26 | 0–42 |
| Diabetes treatment methods Oral medication Insulin Noninsulin injectable medication |
93.7 34.1 24.5 |
— — — |
| Number of comorbidities | 1.48 ± 1.26 | 0–5 |