Table 1.

Studies investigating sex differences in serum concentrations of antipsychotic drugs

Study	N	Age range (years)	Women (%)	Included antipsychotics and n of subgroups	Results for dose-adjusted concentrations
Castberg et al. (2017) [46]	11,968	18–100	47.9	Clozapine (n = 32,416), olanzapine (n = 36,705), risperidone (n = 17,654), and quetiapine (n = 7628)	20–30% higher in women than men, 3.8% higher for quetiapine in younger women (age of 40) (NS), 33% higher for quetiapine in older women (age of 80)
Jönsson et al. (2019) [45•]	26,833	0–99	46.6	Amisulpride (n = 506), aripiprazole (n = 1610), clozapine (n = 1189), flupentixol (n = 215), haloperidol (n = 390), olanzapine (n = 10,268), perphenazine (n = 1065), quetiapine (n = 5853), risperidone (n = 3255), sertindole (n = 111), ziprasidone (n = 1235), and zuclopenthixol (n = 691)	Higher concentration/dose ratios in women for all antipsychotics. Largest differences for olanzapine (59%) and clozapine (40%). No differences found for sertindole (NS) and quetiapine (NS, 6% lower in women)
Tveito et al. (2021) [48]	1223	15–90	36.5	Paliperidone long acting (n = 1223)	14% higher in women compared to men 29%, 30%, and 41% in older women (≥ 50 years) compared to older men, younger women (≤ 49 years), and younger men (≤ 49 years)
Hoekstra et al. (2021) [47]	144	18–65.6	35.4	Amisulpride (n = 52), aripiprazole (n = 51), and olanzapine (n = 41)	For amisulpride 71.9% higher in women For aripiprazole 55.8% higher compared to men; 7.7% higher for olanzapine (NS)

n number in the sample, NS not significant