Table 2.

Randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of estrogen augmentation therapy on symptoms in women with SSD

Study	N	Menopause status	Hormonal augmentation	Daily dose (mg)	Treatment duration (weeks)	Results
Kulkarni et al. (2001) [58]	36	Premenopausal	E (patch)	0.05	4	No differences in PANSS symptom scores between groups.
Kulkarni et al. (2001) [58]	24	Premenopausal	E (patch)	0.10	4	Reduced PANSS total, positive, negative, and general symptoms in treatment vs. control group.
Akhondzadeh et al. (2003) [59]	32	Premenopausal	EE	0.05	8	Reduced PANSS total, positive, and general symptoms in treatment vs. control group, no difference in PANSS negative symptoms.
Louzã et al. (2004) [50]	40	Unknown, age range 18–49	CEE	0.625	4	No differences in BPRS symptom scores between groups.
Kulkarni et al. (2008) [60]	102	Premenopausal	E (patch)	0.10	4	Reduced PANSS total positive and general symptoms in treatment vs. placebo group, no difference in PANSS negative symptoms.
Ghafari et al. (2013) [61]	32	Premenopausal	CEE	0.625	4	Reduced PANSS total, positive, negative, and general symptoms in treatment vs. placebo group.
Kulkarni et al. (2015) [62]	118	Premenopausal	E (patch)	0.10	8	Reduced PANSS total, positive, and general symptoms in treatment vs. placebo group, no difference in PANSS negative symptoms.
Kulkarni et al. (2015) [62]	124	Premenopausal	E (patch)	0.20	8	Reduced PANSS total, positive, and general symptoms in treatment vs. placebo group, no difference in PANSS negative symptoms.
Weiser et al. (2019) [63]	200	Premenopausal	E (patch)	0.20	8	Reduced PANSS total, positive, negative, and general symptoms in treatment vs. placebo group.

PANSS Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, BPRS Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, E estradiol, CEE conjugated equine estrogens, EE ethinyl estradiol, EV estradiol valerate