Table 4.
Fate of antibiotics in the environment
| Sr. no. | Antibiotic | Fate | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Meropenem | Susceptible to hydrolysis (at neutral pH, the half-life is extended at 52 h) | Al-Ahmad et al. (1999) |
| 2. | Ceftiofur | Susceptible to hydrolysis (at neutral pH, the half-life is extended to 8 days) | Gartiser et al. (2007) |
| 3. | Amoxicillin | Susceptible to hydrolysis (at neutral pH, the half-life is extended to > 5 days) | Andreozzi et al. (2004) |
| Photodegraded by UV light (UV light cannot penetrate deeply through the water surface) | Burhenne et al. (1997) | ||
| 4. | Quinolones | Photodegraded by UV light (UV light cannot penetrate deeply through the water surface) | Andreozzi et al. (2004) |
| 5. | Tetracyclines | Huber et al. (2005) | |
| 6. | Macrolides | Half-life varies from 5 to 120 days in soil and photodegrade in water between 0.2 and 200 min | Voigt and Jaeger (2017) |
| 7. | Fluoroquinolones | Chemically and thermally stable, adsorbed rapidly from water to soil particles | Frade et al. (2014) |
| 8. | Cephalosporins | Hydrolyze in > 2 weeks in surface waters and > 8 days in alkaline systems | Li and Zhang (2010) |