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. 2023 Nov 16;13:20093. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-46953-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Representative radiographs of KL grading in medial OA. KL grade 0 shows no features of OA. KL grade 1 shows osteophytic lipping (equivocal osteophytes) (white arrow heads). KL grade 2 shows definite (unequivocal) osteophytes (white arrows). KL grade 3 shows joint space narrowing (yellow arrow head). KL grade 4 shows definite deformity of the bone ends (bone-to-bone appearance) (yellow arrow).