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. 2023 Nov 16;14:7417. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-43279-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Infant 1 and Infant 2 both consisted of a Bifidobacterium breve strain (purple) that cannot metalize 2’FL itself. The main difference between these two infant microbiomes is the presence (Infant 1) or absence (Infant 2) of an extracellular-fucosidase-encoding Ruminococcus gnavus strain (green). When feeding these two infants with the same 2’FL-supplemented drink, only Infant 1’s gut microbiome was positively modified. This is mainly due to R. gnavus breaking 2’FL into fucose and lactose, which can be used by B. breve and other community members for growth. Infant 2, which lacks R. gnavus, minimally changed following feeding. Figure created with BioRender.