Table 1.

Classification of frontal versus parietal localization based on global-to-local GWASs and RNAseq in murine (E15.5) parietal and frontal bones

GWAS SNP	Mouse gene	Log2-fold change	Differential expression Padjusted	RNAseq Label	GWAS Label (most specific hit)	GWAS Label (most significant hit)
rs11609649	Alx1	−1.37	9.52e−13	Frontal	Frontal	Frontal
rs296418	Eya4	−1.90	2.57e−17	Frontal	Frontal	Frontal
rs151174669	Hmga2	−0.48	3.63e−2	Frontal	Frontal	Frontal
rs7626244	Shox2	−1.96	2.25e−17	Frontal	Frontal	Frontal
rs1581525	Cped1	−0.34	9.08e−3	Frontal	Frontal	Frontal
rs6739488	En1	−0.61	4.52e−7	Frontal	Frontal	Both
rs4842918	Adamtsl3	−1.01	3.18e−12	Frontal	Parietal	Both
rs17479393	Zeb2	−0.34	2.81e−2	Frontal	Parietal	Both
rs3822730	Fgf10	−0.52	1.61e−2	Frontal	Parietal	Parietal
rs148673350	Bmper	0.68	6.85e−-7	Parietal	Parietal	Both
rs9491697	Rspo3	0.44	6.86e−3	Parietal	Parietal	Parietal

All candidate genes near the 30 genome-wide significant lead SNPs were tested for differential expression between the murine cranial tissues. Only significantly differentially expressed genes are shown. P-values (Wald test, one-tailed) are adjusted for 5% FDR, log₂-fold change represents the expression levels in the parietal bone relative to the frontal bone.