Table 3.
Socio-behavioral factors associated with vaccination hesitancy—multiple multinomial regression model.
| Uncertain | Would not take the vaccine | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR | 95% CI (AOR) | p-value | AOR | 95% CI (AOR) | p-value | |
| Would take the vaccine (base outcome) | ||||||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
| Female | 1.07 | [0.89–1.28] | 0.478 | 1.11 | [0.86–1.43] | 0.429 |
| Other | 1.1 | [0.62–1.95] | 0.751 | 1.21 | [0.49–3.01] | 0.683 |
| Age group | ||||||
| 18–29 | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
| 30–39 | 0.76 | [0.64–0.89] | 0.001 | 0.65 | [0.51–0.82] | <0.001 |
| 40–49 | 0.64 | [0.5–0.82] | <0.001 | 0.67 | [0.48–0.94] | 0.019 |
| 50–59 | 0.55 | [0.37–0.8] | 0.002 | 0.56 | [0.35–0.88] | 0.013 |
| 60–69 | 0.35 | [0.16–0.79] | 0.011 | 0.33 | [0.14–0.81] | 0.016 |
| 70+ | 0.92 | [0.29–2.88] | 0.885 | 0.28 | [0.03–2.83] | 0.281 |
| Population group | ||||||
| Black African | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
| White | 2.78 | [1.8–4.29] | <0.001 | 4.3 | [2.68–6.92] | <0.001 |
| Colored | 2.12 | [1.57–2.86] | <0.001 | 1.73 | [1.13–2.63] | 0.011 |
| Indian/Asian | 1.43 | [0.82–2.5] | 0.21 | 1.61 | [0.81–3.21] | 0.178 |
| Prefer not to answer | 0.02 | [0–0.05] | <0.001 | 3.97 | [0.71–22.37] | 0.118 |
| Province | ||||||
| Western Cape | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
| Eastern Cape | 1.08 | [0.7–1.68] | 0.719 | 1.21 | [0.66–2.22] | 0.538 |
| Northern Cape | 1.21 | [0.7–2.11] | 0.493 | 1.68 | [0.76–3.74] | 0.204 |
| Free State | 0.96 | [0.63–1.48] | 0.866 | 2.13 | [0.98–4.64] | 0.057 |
| KwaZulu-Natal | 1.22 | [0.82–1.84] | 0.329 | 1.29 | [0.71–2.36] | 0.401 |
| North-West | 1.27 | [0.84–1.9] | 0.257 | 1.57 | [0.85–2.88] | 0.147 |
| Gauteng | 0.98 | [0.7–1.37] | 0.898 | 0.99 | [0.6–1.63] | 0.976 |
| Mpumalanga | 1.29 | [0.85–1.95] | 0.226 | 1.11 | [0.6–2.05] | 0.734 |
| Limpopo | 1.11 | [0.72–1.7] | 0.635 | 0.98 | [0.47–2.06] | 0.967 |
| Community type | ||||||
| City | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
| Suburb | 0.84 | [0.54–1.3] | 0.44 | 1.25 | [0.79–2] | 0.341 |
| Township | 1.12 | [0.74–1.68] | 0.598 | 1.04 | [0.7–1.56] | 0.834 |
| Informal settlement | 1.35 | [0.8–2.29] | 0.257 | 0.91 | [0.46–1.77] | 0.774 |
| Rural (traditional tribal area) | 0.86 | [0.55–1.34] | 0.514 | 0.72 | [0.44–1.15] | 0.168 |
| Farm | 1.64 | [0.8–3.37] | 0.177 | 1.21 | [0.57–2.56] | 0.618 |
| Educational attainment | ||||||
| Less than secondary | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
| Secondary | 1.52 | [0.8–2.87] | 0.202 | 0.79 | [0.42–1.48] | 0.469 |
| Matric | 1.59 | [0.85–2.97] | 0.147 | 0.73 | [0.39–1.36] | 0.323 |
| Tertiary | 1.49 | [0.76–2.91] | 0.246 | 0.54 | [0.29–1] | 0.052 |
| Employment status | ||||||
| Employed | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
| Unemployed | 1.02 | [0.82–1.27] | 0.829 | 0.86 | [0.64–1.16] | 0.332 |
| Not in labor force | 0.79 | [0.48–1.3] | 0.349 | 0.74 | [0.42–1.32] | 0.311 |
| Ever taken the flu vaccine | ||||||
| No | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
| Yes | 0.52 | [0.41–0.67] | <0.001 | 0.54 | [0.4–0.73] | <0.001 |
| Ever refused to take any vaccine | ||||||
| No | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
| Yes | 1.89 | [1.38–2.6] | <0.001 | 3.14 | [2.25–4.37] | <0.001 |
| Know anyone who has experienced a serious side-effect to any vaccine | ||||||
| No | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
| Yes | 1.16 | [0.96–1.4] | 0.129 | 1.42 | [1.1–1.83] | 0.007 |
| Perceive vaccines as a good way to protect communities from disease | ||||||
| Yes | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
| No | 4.05 | [2.62–6.26] | <0.001 | 23.86 | [13.94–40.84] | <0.001 |
| Not sure | 3.38 | [2.75–4.16] | <0.001 | 4.54 | [3.32–6.22] | <0.001 |
| Main source of information on the COVID19 vaccine and vaccinations | ||||||
| Television | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
| Radio | 0.96 | [0.72–1.29] | 0.792 | 0.9 | [0.58–1.39] | 0.627 |
| News sources (print or online) | 1.17 | [0.87–1.56] | 0.295 | 0.89 | [0.6–1.34] | 0.585 |
| Government sources | 1.08 | [0.71–1.65] | 0.717 | 0.84 | [0.56–1.25] | 0.386 |
| Medical sources | 0.92 | [0.6–1.42] | 0.72 | 1.24 | [0.63–2.47] | 0.532 |
| Social media | 0.99 | [0.78–1.25] | 0.945 | 0.69 | [0.5–0.97] | 0.032 |
| Other | 0.83 | [0.49–1.4] | 0.481 | 1 | [0.56–1.77] | 0.997 |
| Heard conflicting/confusing information about the COVID-19 vaccinations | ||||||
| No | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
| Yes | 1.21 | [0.96–1.52] | 0.099 | 1.09 | [0.8–1.48] | 0.601 |
| Feel that your religion or culture would discourage you from getting a COVID-19 vaccination | ||||||
| No | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
| Yes | 1.39 | [1.03–1.9] | 0.034 | 1.88 | [1.39–2.54] | <0.001 |
| Confidence in how the national government is handling the pandemic | ||||||
| Very confident | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
| Moderately confident | 0.97 | [0.76–1.23] | 0.781 | 0.78 | [0.54–1.12] | 0.171 |
| Not confident | 1.43 | [1.1–1.86] | 0.007 | 1.67 | [1.17–2.41] | 0.005 |
| I have no opinion | 1.13 | [0.87–1.47] | 0.373 | 1.27 | [0.86–1.87] | 0.229 |
| Are you concerned about any side-effects related to the COVID 19 vaccines? | ||||||
| No | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
| Yes | 6.32 | [4.3–9.29] | <0.001 | 2.21 | [1.54–3.18] | <0.001 |
| Not sure | 2.92 | [1.91–4.46] | <0.001 | 1.34 | [0.75–2.37] | 0.325 |
| Trust the pharmaceutical industry with developing the COVID 19 vaccine | ||||||
| Yes | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
| No | 3.07 | [2.24–4.21] | <0.001 | 8.64 | [5.92–12.61] | <0.001 |
| Not sure | 2.53 | [1.97–3.25] | <0.001 | 2.57 | [1.73–3.81] | <0.001 |
| Trust the information from your health care provider about the COVID-19 vaccinations | ||||||
| Yes | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
| No | 1.73 | [1.25–2.38] | 0.001 | 3.61 | [2.51–5.19] | <0.001 |
| Not sure | 1.89 | [1.48–2.42] | <0.001 | 2.29 | [1.69–3.11] | <0.001 |
| Think there is adequate safety information related to the COVID 19 vaccination program | ||||||
| Yes | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
| No | 1.45 | [1.1–1.91] | 0.008 | 1.67 | [1.17–2.39] | 0.005 |
| Not sure | 1.44 | [1.14–1.82] | 0.003 | 1.35 | [0.91–2] | 0.133 |
| Believe the effectiveness of the COVID 19 vaccine will be in question due to its fast development | ||||||
| No | Ref | - | - | Ref | - | - |
| Yes | 1.66 | [1.2–2.31] | 0.002 | 1.27 | [0.81–1.98] | 0.302 |
| Not sure | 1.4 | [0.95–2.05] | 0.09 | 0.92 | [0.57–1.48] | 0.74 |