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. 2023 Nov 3;14:1280601. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1280601

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Cancer-associated mesenchymal stem cells (CA-MSCs) affect innate and adaptive immune system cells. As shown in the figure, MSCs disrupt immune system cells’ functions in the tumor environment by producing various mediators and leading immune responses to the expansion of M2 macrophages, regulatory T cells, and N2 neutrophils and suppression of CTL and NK cell responses.