Fig. 4.

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) enhances autophagy in the hippocampus of APPswe mice. Mice were divided into three groups: non-transgenic mice (NC), AD mice orally administered PBS (APPswe), and AD mice orally administered 30 mg/kg/day C3G in PBS (APPswe_C3G). Autophagy-related markers in the hippocampal region of the brain were observed using western blotting (n = 4). Levels of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3)- II/LC3B-I (A); transcription factor EB (TFEB) (B); lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1) (C); sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62) (D); and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (E). Data are representative of three independent experiments with similar results. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. Bars represent mean ± SE