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. 2023 Nov 17;20:268. doi: 10.1186/s12974-023-02950-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Scheme 1 — Experimental procedure and targeted molecular signaling. A Experimental protocol; B C3G-mediated amyloidogenic pathway and tau protein phosphorylation; C C3G enhanced autophagy in APPswe mice; D neuroprotective effects of C3G on neuronal apoptosis; and E C3G improved the synaptic function. APP, amyloid precursor protein; BACE1, β-secretase; PS-1, presenilin-1; ADAM10, α-secretase; Aβ, amyloid beta; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; CAT, catalase; NFTs, neurofibrillary tangles; C3G, cyaninidin-3-O-glucoside; Bax, Bcl-2 associated X, apoptosis regulator; Bcl2, B-cell lymphoma 2; MAPKs, mitogen-activated protein kinases; GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; SIRT1, sirtuin 1; PI3K/Akt, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B; SYP, synaptophysin; PSD95, postsynaptic density protein-95; LC3B-II, light chain 3BII; LAMP-1, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; TFEB, transcription factor EB; SQSTM, sequestosome 1.