Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of cohort participants
| Age at clinic visits/follow-up, y | 11 | 15 | 24 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Male (n = 337) | Female (n = 455) | P | Male (n = 337) | Female (n = 455) | P | Male (n = 337) | Female (n = 455) | P |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||
| Anthropometry | |||||||||
| Age at clinic visit, y | 11.70 (0.20) | 11.71 (0.21) | .738 | 15.38 (0.22) | 15.39 (0.24) | .634 | 24.57 (0.79) | 24.45 (0.77) | .033 |
| Height, m | 1.51 (0.07) | 1.52 (0.07) | .139 | 1.75 (0.07) | 1.65 (0.06) | <.0001 | 1.80 (0.07) | 1.67 (0.06) | <.0001 |
| Weighta, kg | 41.20 (11.9) | 42.0 (12.0) | .208 | 63.0 (13.1) | 56.80 (10.9) | <.0001 | 79.30 (17.32) | 64.15 (16.55) | <.0001 |
| Ethnicity, White (n, %) | 303 (96.2) | 410 (97.9) | .188 | NA | NA | ||||
| Body composition | |||||||||
| Total fat massa, kg | 8.41 (8.40) | 10.76 (7.52) | <.0001 | 8.59 (7.51) | 16.80 (8.79) | <.0001 | 18.53 (11.60) | 21.16 (11.12) | <.0001 |
| Lean massa, kg | 29.86 (5.29) | 28.69 (6.39) | <.0001 | 50.0 (8.59) | 36.89 (4.81) | <.0001 | 56.90 (10.99) | 40.93 (6.34) | <.0001 |
| Body mass indexa | 18.07 (4.27) | 18.15 (3.95) | .579 | 20.31 (3.73) | 20.83 (4.08) | .009 | 24.38 (5.10) | 23.09 (5.57) | <.0001 |
| Vascular measures | |||||||||
| Heart rate, beat/min | 74 (11) | 78 (11) | <.0001 | 72 (12) | 77 (11) | <.0001 | 65 (11) | 68 (9) | <.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 105 (9) | 105 (10) | .891 | 127 (10) | 120 (10) | <.0001 | 123 (10) | 111 (9) | <.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 58 (6) | 58 (6) | .919 | 68 (8) | 66 (9) | .012 | 67 (8) | 66 (8) | .009 |
| Lifestyle factors | |||||||||
| Smoked in the last 30 d (n, %) | <5 (0.3) | 8 (1.8) | .086 | 24 (7.3) | 55 (12.2) | .030 | 82 (24.6) | 105 (23.2) | .672 |
| Family history of H-D-C-V (n, %) | 94 (31.6) | 118 (28.1) | .319 | NA | NA | ||||
| Sedentary time, min/d | 364 (66) | 366 (70) | .807 | 464 (85) | 486 (78) | .001 | 524 (75) | 531 (92) | .615 |
| Light physical activity, min/d | 364 (55) | 368 (56) | .317 | 290 (65) | 271 (64) | <.0001 | 143 (46) | 152 (54) | .246 |
| MVPA, min/d | 66 (41) | 47 (20) | <.0001 | 56 (31) | 39 (21) | <.0001 | 62 (39) | 46 (26) | .001 |
| Maternal social economic status (n, %) | .230 | NA | NA | ||||||
| Professional | 17 (9.9) | 13 (6.0) | |||||||
| Managerial and technical | 74 (43) | 83 (38.4) | |||||||
| Skilled nonmanual | 49 (28.5) | 76 (35.2) | |||||||
| Skilled manual | <8 (1.2) | <8 (2.3) | |||||||
| Partly skilled | 25 (14.5) | 31 (14.4) | |||||||
| Unskilled | <8 (2.9) | 8 (3.7) | |||||||
| Fasting plasma metabolic indices | 15 y | 17 y | 24 y | ||||||
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.57 (0.60) | 3.90 (0.62) | <.0001 | 3.58 (0.60) | 3.91 (0.69) | <.0001 | 4.36 (0.82) | 4.49 (0.83) | .028 |
| High-density lipoprotein, mmol/L | 1.21 (0.27) | 1.35 (0.28) | <.0001 | 1.18 (0.27) | 1.33 (0.32) | <.0001 | 1.39 (0.35) | 1.65 (0.41) | <.0001 |
| Low-density lipoprotein, mmol/L | 2.00 (0.54) | 1.65 (0.41) | <.0001 | 2.02 (0.56) | 2.16 (0.54) | <.0001 | 2.49 (0.76) | 2.43 (0.75) | .310 |
| Triglyceridesa, mmol/L | 0.73 (0.34) | 0.75 (0.40) | .106 | 0.76 (0.36) | 0.73 (0.36) | .489 | 0.88 (0.56) | 0.79 (0.42) | <.0001 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 5.30 (0.36) | 5.14 (0.34) | <.0001 | 5.14 (0.36) | 4.90 (0.33) | <.0001 | 5.49 (1.03) | 5.21 (0.52) | <.0001 |
| Insulina, mU/L | 8.09 (4.78) | 9.74 (5.54) | <.0001 | 5.80 (4.31) | 7.51 (4.14) | <.0001 | 7.38 (5.32) | 7.68 (5.93) | .413 |
| High-sensitivity C-reactive proteina, mg/L | 0.34 (0.60) | 0.34 (0.59) | .240 | 0.45 (0.59) | 0.60 (1.30) | .005 | 0.64 (1.41) | 1.00 (1.95) | <.0001 |
Values are means (SDs) and amedian (interquartile range) except for lifestyle factors and ethnicity. Differences between sexes were tested using t test for normally distributed continuous variables, Mann-Whitney U test for skewed continuous variables, chi-square test for dichotomous variables, and analysis of covariance for the multicategory variable. A 2-sided P value less than .05 is considered statistically significant.
Abbreviations: H-D-C-V, hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, and vascular disease; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; NA, not available/applicable; P value for sex differences.