Table 1.

The Mechanisms of Natural Products in the Deposition of Aβ Deposition

Natural Products/Extracts	Natural Product/Extract Source	Molecular Formula	Molecular Weight	Chemical Structure	CAS No.	Animal Models	Mechanism of Action/Effectiveness	References
Tanshinone	Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge	C18H12O3	276.286		568–73-0	D-galactose intraperitoneal injection of senescence combined with Aβ1-40 injection in the hippocampus	Shortened the latency period of escape and the number of misfiring into the blind end in VD and AD rats	[22]
Ginsenoside Rg2	Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer	C42H72O13	785.013		52,286–74-5	Bilateral hippocampal injections of Aβ25-35 induced in SD rats	Inhibition of SP formation due to Aβ deposition	[23]
Berberine	Coptis chinensis Franch	C20H18NO4+	336.361		2086–83-1	APP/PS1 double transgenic AD mice	Inhibition of Aβ42 expression and aggregation deposition to form SPs	[24]
β-asarone ether	Acorus tatarinowii Schott	C12H16O3	208.254		5273–86-9	5×FAD transgenic mice	Reduction of SP production in hippocampal and cortical tissues	[25]
Schisandrin b	Schisandra chinensis	C23H28O6	400.465		61,281–37-6	Stable transfection of M146 cell line and N2a/APP695swe cell line	Inhibition of BACE1 transcription and translation, reduction of BACE1 activity and APP miscleavage	[26,27]
Senegenin	Polygala tenuifolia Willd.	C30H45ClO6	537.128		2469–34-3	Targeted injection of cohesive Aβ1-40 combined with gooseberry muscarinic acid in the right basal nucleus region inSD rats	Improved Aβ deposition and plaque deposition within the basal nucleus of Meynert and increased the number of neurons around the plaques.	[28]
Curcumin	Curcuma longa Linn.	C21H20O6	368.380		458–37-7	Right hippocampal injections of Aβ25-35 induced in SD rats; AD patients	Reduced ERK1 and ERK2 protein expression, thereby affecting Aβ production and metabolism	[31,32]
Water extract and its naphtha of acorus tatarinowii	Acorus tatarinowii Schott	–	–	–	–	–	Prevented the conversion of Aβ 25–35 from α-helix to β –fold	[33]
Salidroside	Rhodiola rosea Linn.	C14H20O7	300.304		10,338–51-9	APP/BACE transgenic AD model Drosophila and mouse	Activated PI3k/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway to enhance autophagy and reduce Aβ plaque aggregation; Alleviated synaptic dysfunction.	[37,38]
Astragalus polysaccharide	Astragalus membranaceus	C10H7CIN2O2S	254.6928		89,250–26-0	Bilateral hippocampal injections of Aβ25-35 induced in SD rats	Downregulation of protein (APP, Aβ, p-tau, GSK3β and BACE1) expression and upregulation of protein PP2A expression.	[42]
Resveratrol	Reynoutria japonica Houtt.	C14H12O3	228.243		501–36-0	Construction of AD mouse model with D-galactose combined with aluminum chloride; Aβ PPswe/PS1A246E/TTR AD mouse model	Increased TTR protein expression level and TTR tetramer stability, enhanced the ability to bind to free Aβ peptide in the brain, and reduced Aβ aggregation.	[44,45]
Triptolide	Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f.	C20H24O6	360.401		38,748–32-2	APP/PS1 double transgenic AD mice	Inhibition of Aβ deposition and SP formation in the hippocampal region of APP/PS1 mice.	[50]
Triptolide	Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f.	C20H24O6	360.401		38,748–32-2	APP/PS1 double transgenic AD mice;	Upregulated IDE and NEP expression and enhances Aβ degradation; Inhibited BACE1 expression and increased NEP expression.	[51,52]
N-butanol of Radix Notoginseng	Panax pseudo-ginseng Wall. var. notoginseng (Burkill)Hoo & Tseng	–	–	–	–	Aβ 25–35 induced in PC12 cells; SAMP8 mice	Promoted cell proliferation; Inhibits APP and BACE1 expression, decreases SOD and GSH-PX activity, and reduces Aβ production.	[53,54]
Ligustrazine	Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.	C8H12N2	136.19		1124–11-4	Intraperitoneal injection of D-galactose combined with aluminum in SD rats	Upregulated NEP expression, promoted Aβ degradation.	[55]
Panax notoginseng saponin Rg1	Panax pseudo-ginseng Wall. var. notoginseng (Burkill)Hoo & Tseng	–	–	–	–	Hippocampal CA1 area injection of Aβ1-42 in SD rats	Decreased phosphorylation of phosphorylation site APP-Thr668; downregulated expression of BACE1 and Psen1 to reduce Aβ production; upregulated expression of ADAM10 and IDE to promote Aβ degradation.	[56]
Ganoderma lucidum preparation	Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. Ex Fr.) Karst.	–	–	–	–	APP/PS1 double transgenic AD mice	Increased the number of naive neuronal cells in the hippocampus, promoted cerebellar neural stem cell generation	[66]
Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides	Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. Ex Fr.) Karst.	–	–	–	–	APP/PS1 double transgenic AD mice	Enhanced activation of FGFR1 and downstream extracellular signal-regulated kinase ERK and AKT cascades promotes NPC proliferation and hippocampal neurogenesis.	[67]
Total saponin of Anemarrhena asphodeloides	Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge	–	–	–	–	Aβ25~35 induced PC12 cells	Inhibition of Bax mRNA and protein expression levels attenuated Aβ25-35-induced apoptosis.	[73]
Cistanche polysaccharide	Cistanche deserticola Ma	–	–	–	–	Bilateral hippocampal injections of Aβ25-35 induced in SD rats	Promoted Bcl-2 protein expression, inhibits Caspase-3 factor activation, and attenuates Aβ-induced neuronal apoptosis.	[74]
Total cistanches glycosides	Cistanche deserticola Ma	–	–	–	–	Bilateral hippocampal injections of Aβ25-35 induced in SD rats	Alleviated the pathological changes and ultrastructural damage of damaged nerve cells.	[75]
Guangdong Haifengvine Polysaccharide	Piper kadsura (Choisy) Ohwi	–	–	–	–	Human APP and mutant PS1 gene double transfected with M146L	Inhibition of Aβ42 production	[76]
Wogonoside	Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi	C22H20O11	460.388		51,059–44-0	H2O2 and Aβ25-35-induced SH-SY5Y and PC12 cells; APP/PS1 double transgenic AD mice	Regulated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and inhibited cell apoptosis. Also upregulated the expression of Synapsin-1, Synaptophysin, PSD95 and BDNF to improve neural cell function.	[77]
Phillyrin	Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl	C27H34O11	534.552		487–41-2	Glutamate induced HT22 cells; APP/PS1 double transgenic mice;	Inhibited the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bad, Bax and Bid, and promoted the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL.	[78]
Baicalin	Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi	C21H18O11	446.361		21,967–41-9	APP/PS1 double transgenic AD mice	Upregulation of LRP-1 protein expression in neuronal cells promotes Aβ transport outward through the BBB	[84]
Osthole	Cnidium monnieri(L.)Cuss.	C15H16O3	244.286		484–12-8	APP/PS1 double transgenic AD mice; SHSY-5Y cells	Inhibition of BACE-1 activity and reduction of Aβ production by upregulating of miRNA-9.	[87]